Theories Of Criminal Behavior

Question 1

Beccaria, a classical school theorist, proposed several arguments concerning crime and punishment. Which of the following is not one of those arguments?

Answer 1

Punishment should be used to set an example for the rest of society

Question 2

True or false: the most important feature of the classical school is an emphasis on the offender as a person capable of calculating what he or she wants

Answer 2

True

Question 3

True or false: fearing political reprisal, beccaria first published his book anonymously

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to the classical school of thought offenders use ___ to rationalize criminal behavior

Answer 4

A hedonistic calculus

Question 5

True or false: the classical school of thought provided a definite and conclusive answer to the question what causes crime

Answer 5

False

Question 6

Lombroso, an early positivist school theorist classifies criminals into four categories. Which of the following is not one of them

Answer 6

Criminals of passion
Criminaloids
Insane criminals
CRIMINAL MAN
Born criminals

Question 7

Which body type was considered most prone to deviance by Sheldon and his colleagues?

Answer 7

Mesomorph

Question 8

True or false: Freud’s main research goal was to use personality to solely explain the occurrence of criminal behavior.

Answer 8

False

Question 9

During the 19th and early 20th century the stage was set for _____ forms of control that would contain or eliminate crime.

Answer 9

Scientifically justified

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the social context of the Chicago school?

Answer 10

Cities are growing at a rapid pace
Immigrants are moving to Chicago
African Americans are fleeing the south
And displaced farmworkers are relocating

Question 11

In which of the five centric zones is social disorganization the highest?

Answer 11

Zone 2 the zone in transition

Question 12

What important finding emerged out of Sampson and groves study?

Answer 12

Structural factors increase social disorganization and crime

Question 13

True or false: According to Sutherland, crime is learned through differential association

Answer 13

True

Question 14

The theory of differential association has nine core propositions. Which of the following is not one of the nine

Answer 14

Learning criminality does not include techniques of commuting crimes.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the concept of collective efficiency

Answer 15

Social cohesion among neighbors and a willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good

Question 16

True or false: according to cultural attesting theory, some neighborhoods have high crime rates because a criminal culture is adopted by members of the community

Answer 16

False

Question 17

Which of the following is not included in Anderson’s definition of the code of the street

Answer 17

The code is set of informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior
The code describes proper conduct when being challenged
The code regulates the use of violence
The code supplies rationale allowing aggressors to participate violence in an approved way

Question 18

If you drive down the highway going 95 mph because you believe that the 70 mph limit is too slow, you are using what type of definition according to Akers

Answer 18

Neutralizing

Question 19

Which of the following programs according to differential association theory and social learning theory would be best profitable in reducing crime?

Answer 19

Positive peer counseling
Programs that use token economy
Cognitive behavioral programs
And programs to better parenting skills

Question 20

True or false: According to Robert Merton strain in the us stems from the universal acceptance of the American dream of success and wealth

Answer 20

True

Question 21

An individual who does not strive for wealth but continues to work at a minimum wage job is considered to fall under which mode of individual adaptation?

Answer 21

Ritualist

Question 22

Which of the following is not a critique of classical strain theory?

Answer 22

The analysis of strain theory is too broad and penetrating

Question 23

General strain theory argues that there are several factors which decrease the chance of an individual reacting to strain with deviance. Which of the following is not one of these factors

Answer 23

Available access to illegitimate means

Question 24

True or false: general strain theory states that if any person experienced any kind of strain in any type of situation, they are always likely to engage in crime

Answer 24

False

Question 25

True or false: institutional anomie theory can also be viewed as macro level version and extension of Mertons paradigm of social structure and anomie theory

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Messner and Rosenfeld argue that _____ institution dominates American society and in turn leads to high rates of crime

Answer 26

The economic.

Question 27

According to strain theory, which of the following programs would be the best aid in reducing criminal behavior?

Answer 27

Education programs like head start Job trading programs in disadvantaged communities Equal access to job opportunities Rehabilitation programs in prisons

Question 28

Alchoholics, drug addicts, and vagrants would be categorized as___ according to Mertons strain theory

Answer 28

Retreatests

Question 29

According to the general strain theory, in which of the following cases would strain most likely lead to deviance?

Answer 29

If the strain is caused by low social control

Question 30

Which two theories did Travis Hirschi develop?

Answer 30

Social bond theory and self control theory

Question 31

True or false: social bond theory assumes that humans seek immediate gratification. Accordingly theories should explain why people don’t commit crimes

Answer 31

True

Question 32

According to Hirschi motivation to commit crime____

Answer 32

Is universal

Question 33

Which four bonds are identified in social bond theory?

Answer 33

Attachment belief commitment and involvement

Question 34

Which of the four bonds identified in social bond theory argued that people do not commit crime because they do not have much leisure time

Answer 34

Involvement

Question 35

Which of the following characteristics best describes someone who has low self control according to gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime

Answer 35

Impulsive Intensive Physical And risk taking

Question 36

The general theory of crime argues that individuals who have low self control will exhibit which of the following characteristics?

Answer 36

Higher likelihood of commuting crimes

Question 37

True or false: the general theory of crime and social bond theory both argue that criminal propensity is stable across life course

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Hirschis 2004 essay offered a revised self control theory. Which of the following is one of the revisions offered by Hirschi

Answer 38

Social bonds are stable across the life course Self control is defined as the tendency to consider their full range of costs of commuting a crime Social bonds are the same as self control And social bonds are internal

Question 39

Levels of self control are a product of____

Answer 39

Direct parental control

Question 40

True or false: in the view of labeling theorist, state intervention such as incarceration can have criminogenic outcomes

Answer 40

True

Question 41

_____ refers to crime which occurs after an individual has been labeled as a criminal

Answer 41

Secondary deviance

Question 42

What does Sampson’s concept of ecological bias refer to?

Answer 42

Police are more likely to arrest residents of poor neighborhoods than of more affluent communities

Question 43

Which theory argues that minorities have a higher chance of being arrested because police are likely to be deployed in inner cities

Answer 43

Deployment theory

Question 44

Which theory argues that racial disparity in the criminal justice system increases in areas where minority populations are rising?

Answer 44

Racial threat theory

Question 45

Which policies were embraced by labeling theorists

Answer 45

Decriminalization Due process Diversion And deinstitutionalization

Question 46

According to Braithwaite____ is the process of expressing disapproval with the intention of invoking remorse causing stigmatization and exclusion

Answer 46

Disintegrative shaming

Question 47

What does restorative justice suggest criminal sanctions should accomplish?

Answer 47

They should restore the victim to an unharmed status and the offender to the community

Question 48

According to Rose and Clears coerced mobility theory, removing a large number of offenders from underclass neighborhoods can have which of the following effects

Answer 48

It will increase the community’s crime rate

Question 49

True or false: according to Sherman’s deviance theory, if a punishment is viewed as legitimate it may have a crime reducing effect

Answer 49

True

Question 50

If a theory focuses on power struggles between individuals and or groups it falls under the general category of what kind of theory?

Answer 50

Conflict theory

Question 51

True or false: according to Marx and Engels and a host of other conflict theorists, crime would diminish if capitalism was overthrown

Answer 51

True

Question 52

During what decade did conflict theories become a prominent part of criminology

Answer 52

1960’s

Question 53

According to Turk____ Norma are words indicating what is expected in society, and ____ norms are actual behaviors according to society

Answer 53

Cultural, social

Question 54

Turk describes four scenarios in which the probability of conflict was assessed. In which of the four scenarios is conflict most likely

Answer 54

When subjects are high organized and relatively unsophisticated

Question 55

True or false: the likelihood that conflict will arise according to Turk is lowest for groups such as syndicate criminals

Answer 55

False

Question 56

True or false: according to Chambliss and Seidman is a group has a high political or economic position it’s norms and values are more likely to be reflected in societies laws.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

True or false: chambliss argues that all societies capatilists and socialists have very similar crime rates

Answer 57

False

Question 58

Which of the following crimes, according to quinney, are considered crimes of domination

Answer 58

Crimes of control Police brutality White collar crime And crimes of the government

Question 59

Which of the following crimes, according to Quinney, are considered crimes of accommodation and resistance?

Answer 59

Theft

Question 60

Which of the following best describes the gender gap question?

Answer 60

Weather/ why women commit less crime than men

Question 61

True or false: the second wave of the women’s movement started in 2010

Answer 61

False

Question 62

Simons and steffensmeier both agreed on which statement in regards to women and crime

Answer 62

Law enforcement officers were becoming more likely to arrest female offenders

Question 63

____ emphasizes the gender socialization as the cause of crime

Answer 63

Liberal feminism

Question 64

True or false: sally Simpson found that African American rates of female violence were almost identical to the rates of white female ciolence

Answer 64

False

Question 65

True or false: Jodi millers getting played added place as an important factor in the intersection of race gender and class

Answer 65

True

Question 66

True or false: Messerschmidt argues that males who are blocked from achieving goals must find new ways of showing their maleness which can result in crime and deviance

Answer 66

True

Question 67

According to the male peer support theory what is among the principal causes of male violence toward female counterparts

Answer 67

Threats to masculinity

Question 68

Which of the following is not one of the five pathways to crime according to the work of kathleen Daly

Answer 68

``` All of the above are pathways Parental drug addiction Relationships with abusive men Child abuse Drug market involvement ```

Question 69

True or false: in the juvenile justice court girls may receive harsher sentences than boys simply because judges see them as more deceitful and manipulative

Answer 69

True

Question 70

True or false: criminology has historically paid a large amount of attention to white collar crime

Answer 70

False

Question 71

Who of the following theorists is considered to be the father of white collar crime

Answer 71

Edwin Sutherland

Question 72

Which of the following best describes a white collar offender according to Sutherland’s definition of white collar crime

Answer 72

The CEO of a company embezzling millions of dollars

Question 73

According to the work of climate and Yeager the culture of a corporation has corporate defenses to law violations. These beliefs or rationalizations define why the laws regulating companies can be obeyed selectively. Which is not an example of these rationalizations

Answer 73

Regulations are designed to protect consumers

Question 74

Which theory did braithwaite apply to white collar crime

Answer 74

Reintegration shaming theory

Question 75

Which of the following components is involved in creating criminal opportunity

Answer 75

An attractive target and absence of a capable guardian

Question 76

Donald Cressey developed the ____ which includes the following components: motivation opportunity and decision making

Answer 76

Fraud triangle

Question 77

True or false: rational choice theory argues that if the benefits of committing a white collar crime outweigh the potential costs the crime will likely occur

Answer 77

True

Question 78

Which of the following would be considered a state initiated corporate crime

Answer 78

The explosion of the space shuttle challenger

Question 79

True or false: Sutherland argues that white collar crime flourished because society was disorganized and American society was not organized against this form of illegality

Answer 79

True

Question 80

True or false: Conservative criminology argues that economic inequality and capitalism are at the root cause of America’s high crime rates

Answer 80

False

Question 81

Wilson and Herrnsteins publication crime and human nature introduced which of the following perspectives to conservative criminology

Answer 81

Biosocial

Question 82

True or false: herrnstein and Murray argues that intelligence was the most robust predictor of criminal behavior

Answer 82

True

Question 83

There are several flaws with herrnstein and Murray’s argument that IQ and crime are related. Which of the following is considered to be such a flaw?

Answer 83

Prior research shows that IQ and crime are only weakly related When other known predictors of crime are included in a statistical model, IQ does not appear to matter in predicting crime And the policy implications were based on conservative ideology and not science

Question 84

True or false: according to Herrnstein an Murray the criminal justice system is too simple and should be made more intricate to reduce criminal behavior

Answer 84

False

Question 85

Which of the following, according to Samenow would not be considered a trait if a criminal mind

Answer 85

Sensitivity

Question 86

The___ argues that people commit crimes because crime pays and because the benefits of committing a crime outweigh the costs

Answer 86

Rational choice perspective

Question 87

The ___ argues that of social disorganization is left unattended disorderly people can take over a neighborhood and increase crime rate

Answer 87

Broken windows perspective

Question 88

True or false: Wilson and keelings broken windows perspective argues that increasing formal control creates conditions that allow for more effective informal control

Answer 88

True

Question 89

True or false: according to the moral poverty model, crime would decrease if parents and schools use discipline and punishment more effectively

Answer 89

True

Question 90

According to routine activities model, which elements must be present in order for crime to occur

Answer 90

A motivated offender a suitable target and an absence of a capable guardian

Question 91

True or false: according to the routine activities perspective, a suitable target can only include a person and not an object pr property

Answer 91

False

Question 92

The routine activities model argues that predatory crime rates have increased since WWII because of what

Answer 92

There was a shift of routine activities away from the home

Question 93

According to Ecks crime triangle model_____ are responsible for the proper functioning of a particular place and can include store clerk a door man or a teacher

Answer 93

Managers

Question 94

According to rational choice theory, decisions offenders make are____

Answer 94

Purposive

Question 95

True or false: criminology and social psychology have consistently indicated that humans carefully calculate every single action and constantly weigh costs against benefits

Answer 95

False

Question 96

Which of the following is considered a policy implication of perceptual deterrence theory

Answer 96

Replacing inconsistent and severe punishments with swift and certain punishments And moving from mass incarceration to more targeted policing

Question 97

True or false: situational action theory argues that the likelihood of committing a crime depends on the situation

Answer 97

True

Question 98

True or false: perceptual deterrence theory does not assume that the offender is rational

Answer 98

True

Question 99

____ theories suggest that biological traits interact with the social environment to shape human behavior

Answer 99

Biosocial

Question 100

Following conditional adaptation theory, policy implications would focus on____

Answer 100

Environmental change

Question 101

Mendnick proposed that certain high risk individuals have inherited an ____ that is less sensitive to environmental stimuli

Answer 101

Autonomic nervous system

Question 102

True or false: behavioral genetics w | Began with the observation that antisocial behavior is more common among females that males in virtually all societies

Answer 102

False

Question 103

According to Agnew which is not one of the four elements of a social concern

Answer 103

All are elements of a social concern Care about welfare of others Desire close ties to certain others Conform to the behavior and views of others Follow certain moral intuitions as well as punish those who violate such intuitions

Question 104

Which theory maintains that the reward centers in those predisposed to criminality are much more powerful that the inhibitory systems that monitor and control them

Answer 104

Reward dominance theory

Question 105

Whole complex there is an association between low levels of serotonin and _____

Answer 105

Violence

Question 106

True or false: most biosocial theories of crime suggest that genetic traits interact with the environment to shape human behavior

Answer 106

True

Question 107

The suboptimal arousal theory argues that offenders have a different ANS making offenders _____

Answer 107

More fearless because environmental stimuli have less impact on their ANS and More in need of environmental stimulation and this more sensation seeking

Question 108

Around what age does the age crime curve peak

Answer 108

17

Question 109

I’m criminal career research ____ refers to studying when offenders stop committing crime

Answer 109

Desistance

Question 110

True or false: when criminal career researchers refer to lambda they are talking about the incidence of crime or how frequently crime is committed

Answer 110

True

Question 111

Which of the following elements are included in Elliot and colleagues conceptualization of the social bond

Answer 111

Integration and | Commitment

Question 112

Which two theoretical models are integrated in Thornberrys interactional theory

Answer 112

Social control and social learning theory

Question 113

True or false: thornberrys interactional theory proposes that the variables in the model are unidirectional. That is there are no reciprocal effects between the variables

Answer 113

False

Question 114

According to Patterson social interactional developmental model ____ offenders are marked by continuity in offending, while _____ offenders are marked by discontinuity

Answer 114

Early onset, late onset

Question 115

According to Moffitts developmental theory_____ offenders are marked by continuity in offending while ____ offenders are marked by discontinuity

Answer 115

Life course persistent, adolescent limited

Question 116

Sampson and Laura age graded theory of informal social control uses____ but applies it to and individuals entire life course instead of adolescence only

Answer 116

Hirschis social bond theory

Question 117

True or false: moffitt argues that the main cause of adolescent limited offending is the maturity gap

Answer 117

True