theories of development

Question 1

prenatal period

Answer 1

conception to birth

Question 2

infancy

Answer 2

birth to 18 months

Question 3

toddlerhood

Answer 3

18 months to 3 years

Question 4

preschool period

Answer 4

3 to 5 years

Question 5

middle childhood

Answer 5

6 to about 12 years

Question 6

adolescence

Answer 6

12 or so to 20 or so

Question 7

development

Answer 7

the systematic changes and continuities that individuals display over the course of their lives
- its a continuous and cumulative process
- a holistic process
- shows plasticity
- is dependent on historical and cultural contexts

Question 8

maturation

Answer 8

the developmental changes in the body or behaviour that results from the ageing process

Question 9

learning

Answer 9

a developmental change in behaviour that results from ones experience or practice

Question 10

normative development

Answer 10

typical patterns of development that are seen across most or all individuals

Question 11

individual development

Answer 11

individual variations in the rate, extent or direction of development that is unique to the individual

Question 12

baby biographies

Answer 12

often carried out on researches own children
however the problem with this was these were very subjective

Question 13

Hall

Answer 13

in order to obtain more reliable data, he distributed questionnaires to larger samples of children

Question 14

psychoanalysis

Answer 14

seeks to understand human behaviour in terms of the unconscious drives and motives that stem from early life experiences

Question 15

Freud

Answer 15

unconscious sexual drives
5 stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
use of defence mechanism

Question 16

Erikson

Answer 16

cultural demands
more active
8 stages of major conflicts that should be resolved (trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generatively, ego integrity)
more focused on the social world

Question 17

behaviourism

Answer 17

human behaviour is learned through experience with the environment

Question 18

classical conditioning

Answer 18

pairing with a stimulus

Question 19

operant conditioning

Answer 19

behaviour is shaped by consequences

Question 20

social learning

Answer 20

behaviour is learned through observation and imitation of role models

Question 21

cognitive developmental

Answer 21

understands development in children’s thinking in terms of the acquisition of new mental operations

Question 22

Piaget

Answer 22

active explorer
construct schemas
four stages: sensorimotor(0-2), pre operational(2-7) concrete operational(7-11), formal operational (11/12+)

Question 23

Vygotsky

Answer 23

cognitive growth is a socially mediated process
heavily influenced by culture

Question 24

information processing

Answer 24

computer model of cognitive development and thinking

Question 25

ethological perspective

Answer 25

concerned with the contribution of human evolution to psychology assumes behaviour and devlopement depend on inborn motives that are species specific due to natural selection

Question 26

ecology approach

Answer 26

a newer approach, considers the contest of how an individual child grows up

Question 27

bronfenbrenners theory

Answer 27

environmental influences