Theories of Personality Part 1 Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
The word personality comes from "persona," which originally meant. A) theatrical mask. B) soul. C) the animal side of human nature. D) that which one truly is.
A
theatrical mask
2
Q
Psychologists are most likely to agree that
A) personality is best explained by a variety of theories.
B) personality refers mostly to surface appearance.
C) there is a single best definition of personality.
D) genetics account for nearly all differences among people.
A
personality is best explained by a variety of theories
3
Q
A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some consistency to a person’s behavior is called
A) personality.
B) a general trait.
C) a specific trait.
D) a genetic predisposition.
A
personality.
4
Q
Which term should be most closely associated with the word theory?
A) idle speculation
B) taxonomy
C) science
D) philosophy
A
C) science
5
Q
A theory can be defined as
A) an unverified hypothesis.
B) an educated guess.
C) a group of philosophical speculations concerning the nature of reality.
D) a set of related assumptions that generate testable hypotheses.
A
D) a set of related assumptions that generate testable hypotheses.
6
Q
Which statement best reflects the relationship between theory and hypothesis?
A) Theories are narrower than hypotheses.
B) A single theory may generate several hypotheses
C) Theories flow logically from specific hypotheses.
D) Theories can be proven; hypotheses cannot.
A
A single theory may generate several hypotheses
7
Q
A hypothesis is best defined as A) a classification system. B) armchair speculation. C) an unproved theory. D) an educated guess or prediction.
A
an educated guess or prediction
8
Q
Taxonomies are
A) systems for classifying data.
B) principles of learning that make up a theory.
C) guidelines for living a principled life.
D) legal entities for raising revenue.
A
systems for classifying data.
9
Q
What is the relationship among theory, hypothesis, and observation?
A) Observations are practical tools; theories and hypotheses are impractical.
B) Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may alter the original theory.
C) Hypotheses generate theories, which then result in observations.
D) Observations generate hypotheses, which in turn generate theories.
A
Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may alter the original theory.
10
Q
The ultimate value of a theory is its
A) truthfulness.
B) usefulness.
C) simplicity.
D) logic.
A
usefulness.
11
Q
11 CORRECT A theory should be open to disconfirmation. This refers to the theory’s ability to
A) be proven.
B) generate research.
C) provide guidelines for the practitioner.
D) be falsified.
A
be falsified.
12
Q
A related set of if-then assumptions would constitute a
A) hypothesis.
B) philosophy.
C) theory.
D) scientific experiment.
A
C) theory.
13
Q
The subdiscipline of psychology that looks at the personal traits of scientists is called
A) psychology of science.
B) the science of psychology.
C) science in autobiographical study.
D) psychology in autobiographical study.
A
psychology of science.
14
Q
Although scientists’ process may be influenced by their personal characteristics, the usefulness of their work is
A) the clarity of their observations.
B) the reliability of their measuring instruments.
C) judged by their scientific product.
D) judged by their ability to create a workable taxonomy.
A
judged by their scientific product.
15
Q
A useful theory should
A) be parsimonious.
B) serve as a guide to action.
C) organize observations.
D) generate research.
E) all of the above.
A
all of the above.
16
Q
An internally consistent theory
A) generates many hypotheses.
B) can be directly verified.
C) can explain many empirical observations.
D) includes operational definitions of its terms.
A
includes operational definitions of its terms
17
Q
A theory that is as simple as possible is said to be
A) internally consistent.
B) parsimonious.
C) useless.
D) an operational theory.
A
parsimonious.
18
Q
An explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes is called
A) a theory.
B) a hypothesis.
C) causality.
D) teleology.
A
teleology.
19
Q
A test that yields consistent results is said to be
A) standardized.
B) a norm-referenced test.
C) reliable.
D) valid
A
reliable.
20
Q
The twin cornerstones of psychoanalytic motivation are
A) sex and security.
B) safety and security.
C) hunger and sex.
D) sex and aggression.
A
sex and aggression.
21
Q
Freud began his self-analysis shortly after
A) he broke off his relationship with Fliess.
B) he broke off his relationship with Jung.
C) his mother died.
D) his father died.
A
his father died.
22
Q
As a youth and young man, Freud was strongly motivated to
A) win fame by making a great discovery.
B) overtake his older brother Julius.
C) practice medicine on the poor people of Vienna.
D) become a rabbi and move to New York.
A
A) win fame by making a great discovery.
23
Q
What analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the ego and the id?
A) rider and horse
B) groom and bride
C) chicken and egg
D) hammer and anvil
A
rider and horse
24
Q
The id serves the ____________ principle.
A) pleasure
B) reality
C) moralistic
D) idealistic
A
pleasure
25
Which regions of the mind have no direct contact with the external world?
A) id and superego
B) id and ego
C) id only
D) ego and superego
id and superego
26
Which of these is a manifestation of both sex and aggression?
A) anxiety
B) narcissism
C) masochism
D) love
masochism
27
A sadist receives sexual pleasure from
A) inflicting pain on others.
B) inflicting pain on self.
C) receiving pain inflicted by others.
D) watching other people undress.
inflicting pain on others
28
Freud called the mouth, anus, and genitals
A) Oedipal strivings.
B) erogenous zones.
C) the aim of the sexual instinct.
D) the aim of the aggressive instinct.
erogenous zones.
29
The guilt a person experiences after violating personal standards of conduct is called ________ anxiety.
A) realistic
B) neurotic
C) manifest
D) moral
moral
30
According to Freud, anxiety is felt by the
A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) conscience.
ego.
31
Defense mechanisms protect the ego against
A) feelings of shame.
B) guilt.
C) anxiety.
D) public disgrace.
anxiety.
32
In Freudian theory, anxiety
A) reduces repression.
B) triggers repression.
C) increases repression.
D) is caused by repression.
E) is unrelated to repression.
B) triggers repression.
33
After a drive or image has been repressed, it
A) may remain unchanged in the unconscious.
B) could force its way into consciousness in an unchanged form.
C) could be expressed in a disguised or distorted form.
D) any of the above.
any of the above.
34
With this defense mechanism, a repressed desire finds an opposite and exaggerated expression.
A) fixation
B) reaction formation
C) sublimation
D) undoing
E) isolation
reaction formation
35
A completely weaned child goes back to the bottle after a younger sister is born. This return to a more infantile pattern of behavior expresses a
A) reaction formation.
B) fixation.
C) regression.
D) projection.
E) isolation.
regression.
36
Chad has great admiration for his history teacher. He attempts to imitate this teacher's lifestyle and mannerisms. This is an example of
A) displacement.
B) sublimation.
C) projection.
D) introjection.
introjection.
37
A type of repression in which the ego attempts to do away with unpleasant experiences and their consequences is called
A) undoing.
B) suppression.
C) reaction formation.
D) forgetting.
undoing.
38
This defense mechanism, unlike the others, usually results in some benefit to society.
A) undoing
B) isolation
C) fixation
D) sublimation
E) regression
sublimation
39
To Freud, the most crucial stage of development is
A) infancy.
B) latency.
C) genital.
D) maturity.
infancy.
40
The anal triad consists of all these characteristics EXCEPT
A) miserliness.
B) aggressiveness.
C) stubbornness.
D) compulsive neatness.
aggressiveness.
41
Freud believed that differences between boys and girls in psychosexual development are due to
A) parental expectations.
B) cultural experiences.
C) anatomy.
D) hormones.
anatomy.
42
For boys, the castration complex
A) takes the form of penis envy.
B) shatters the Oedipus complex.
C) comes before the Oedipus complex.
D) both a and c are correct.
E) both b and c are correct.
shatters the Oedipus complex.
43
For girls, the castration complex
A) takes the form of penis envy.
B) shatters the Oedipus complex.
C) comes before the Oedipus complex.
D) both a and c
E) none of the above.
both a and c
44
Freud believed that, for girls,
A) the Oedipus complex precedes the castration complex.
B) the castration complex takes the form of castration anxiety.
C) the Oedipus complex is solved when they identify with their father, at around age 5 or 6.
D) none of the above.
none of the above.
45
Freud believed that, with few a exceptions, the unconscious meaning of dreams expressed
A) early childhood traumas.
B) wish-fulfillments.
C) experiences of the day before.
D) feelings of inferiority.
wish-fulfillments.
46
Psychoanalytic therapy is most likely to include this technique.
A) homework assignments
B) free association
C) interpretation of early recollections
D) an active, aggressive therapist
free association
47
```
As a child, Adler had an intense rivalry with
A) his mother.
B) his father.
C) an older brother named Sigmund.
D) an older sister named Anna.
E) Sigmund Freud.
```
an older brother named Sigmund.
48
Individual psychology can be considered to be
A) deterministic.
B) optimistic.
C) pessimistic.
D) neoFreudian.
E) both b and d.
B) optimistic.
49
People strive toward superiority through one of two paths. One is the route of social interest; the other is the road of
A) success.
B) individuation.
C) exaggerated personal gain.
D) submission.
exaggerated personal gain.
50
To Adler, the one dynamic force behind a person's activity is
A) the striving for success or superiority.
B) organ inferiorities.
C) organ dialect.
D) feelings of superiority.
the striving for success or superiority.
51
According to Adler, a person's final goal is
A) set at about age 18.
B) a creation of the creative power.
C) largely known to the person.
D) shaped by heredity and environment.
a creation of the creative power.
52
```
Adler insisted that personality is shaped by
A) subjective perceptions.
B) birth-order.
C) early childhood experiences.
D) organ inferiorities.
```
A) subjective perceptions.
53
```
Adler called ideas that have no real existence yet influence individuals as if they really existed
A) fictions.
B) fabrications.
C) hypotheses.
D) postulates.
```
fictions.
54
```
The doctrine that motivation should be considered according to its final purpose or aim is called
A) fictional imperative.
B) Gemeinschaftsgefühl.
C) causation.
D) teleology.
```
teleology.
55
```
Alder believed that organ inferiorities
A) cause superiority personalities.
B) cause inferiority personalities.
C) bestow meaning and purpose on all behavior.
D) stimulate feelings of inferiority.
```
stimulate feelings of inferiority.
56
```
Gemeinschaftsgefühl is usually translated as
A) style of life.
B) fictional finalism.
C) social interest.
D) organ inferiority.
```
social interest.
57
```
According to Adler _________________ is the "sole criterion of human values."
A) social interest
B) productive work
C) self-interest
D) religion
```
social interest
58
```
A person's final goal is ultimately shaped by
A) heredity.
B) early childhood experiences.
C) the superego.
D) the creative power.
```
the creative power.
59
```
A person's style of life becomes fairly well established at about what age?
A) 6 to 12 months
B) 4 to 5 years
C) 8 to 9 years
D) 15 to 18 years
```
4 to 5 years
60
Adler held that people are continually pushed by the need to overcome inferiority feelings and pulled by the desire for
A) love.
B) social interest.
C) unity with all humanity.
D) completion.
completion.
61
To Adler, the core of maladjustment is
A) innate physical deficiencies.
B) lack of social interest.
C) a pampered style of life.
D) a neglected style of life.
lack of social interest.
62
Early recollections are
A) easily verified by talking to parents or older siblings.
B) keys to understanding one's style of life.
C) usually unpleasant and traumatic.
D) the cause of one's style of life.
keys to understanding one's style of life.
63
According to Adler, the creative power
A) usually leads to outstanding accomplishments.
B) shapes one's style of life.
C) is a deterministic concept.
D) is secondary to heredity and environment in shaping personality.
shapes one's style of life.
64
Adler believed that the goals of a neurotic
A) are exaggerated and unrealistic.
B) are compensations for organ inferiorities.
C) both a and b.
D) neither a nor b.
both a and b.
65
```
Pampered children
A) frequently feel neglected.
B) have received too much love.
C) become productive contributions to society.
D) none of the above.
```
frequently feel neglected.
66
```
Adlerian safeguarding tendencies are
A) sometimes conscious and sometimes unconscious.
B) completely conscious.
C) completely unconscious.
D) used only by neurotics.
```
sometimes conscious and sometimes unconscious.
67
Safeguarding tendencies protect exaggerated feelings of superiority against
A) anxiety.
B) guilt.
C) public disgrace.
D) an uncontrollable id.
public disgrace.
68
Compared with Freud, Adler
A) had a more positive view toward women.
B) placed more emphasis on aggression.
C) relied more on dream interpretation during psychotherapy.
D) was more likely to use hypnosis to treat patients.
had a more positive view toward women.
69
```
Style of life is most reliably revealed by
A) the word association test.
B) hypnosis.
C) dream interpretation.
D) early recollections.
```
early recollections.
70
According to Adler, dreams
A)can be interpreted only by the dreamer.
B)express childhood sexual fantasies.
C)provide information for dealing with future problems.
D)can foretell the future.
provide information for dealing with future problems.
71
According to Adler, human personality is
A) the result of the interaction of heredity and environment.
B) determined by people's experiences with frustration and conflict.
C) shaped by people's interpretations of experiences.
D) motivated by a complexity and multiplicity of drives and needs.
shaped by people's interpretations of experiences.
72
The ultimate goal of Adlerian therapy is to
A) reduce needless anxiety.
B) increase self-confidence.
C) increase social interest.
D) decrease safeguarding tendencies.
increase social interest.
73
Research suggests that early recollections
A) may change during the course of psychotherapy.
B) are not consistent with scores on current personality inventories.
C) have little or no usefulness to the clinician.
D) tend to remain unchanged while personality changes.
may change during the course of psychotherapy.
74
A major weakness of Adler's theory is that it
A) is not easily falsifiable.
B) has failed to generate much research.
C) is anti-Freudian.
D) cannot explain inconsistencies in behavior.
is not easily falsifiable.
75
In his concept of humanity, Adler saw people as
A) destined for a life of conflict and chaos.
B) being driven by security and safety.
C) determined mostly by environmental factors.
D) determined mostly by genetic factors.
E) none of the above.
none of the above.
76
Jung's mid-life crisis followed soon after the break in his friendship with
A) Adler.
B) Erikson.
C) Freud.
D) Goethe.
Freud
77
Jung divided the unconscious psyche into two parts: the personal and the
A) preconscious.
B) social.
C) collective.
D) universal.
collective.
78
In analytical psychology, the center of consciousness is
A) the ego.
B) the self.
C) individuation.
D) the shadow.
E) the persona.
A) the ego.
79
The contents of the personal unconscious are called
A) archetypes.
B) complexes.
C) phylogenetic endowment.
D) shadows.
E) myths.
B) complexes.
80
5 CORRECT Archetypes are
A) basic values acquired during childhood.
B) images embedded in the personal unconscious.
C) culturally acquired complexes.
D) components of the collective unconscious.
components of the collective unconscious
81
The persona archetype
A) is symbolic of evil.
B) shows itself as the social role we reveal to others.
C) is opposed to the anima.
D) is largely conscious.
shows itself as the social role we reveal to others
82
According to Jung, a person's first test of courage is to
A) realize the shadow.
B) actualize the animus.
C) recognize the hero.
D) acquire self-realization.
realize the shadow
83
The anima is
A) the inferior side of people.
B) the archetype of evil.
C) the masculine side of women.
D) the feminine side of men.
D) the feminine side of men.
84
Irrational moods in men are represented by the
A) animus.
B) anima.
C) mandala.
D) shadow.
anima
85
The archetype of nourishment and destruction is the
A) great mother.
B) shadow.
C) wise old man.
D) hero.
A) great mother.
86
The great mother archetype is most likely to be symbolized by
A) a house.
B) a witch.
C) a lawyer.
D) a baby.
a witch.
87
The wise old man archetype represents
A) life and death.
B) meaning and wisdom.
C) strength and courage.
D) masculinity and femininity.
meaning and wisdom
88
The hero archetype
A) often has a tragic flaw.
B) is sometimes part god.
C) fights to conquer evil.
D) may be represented by comic book characters such as Superman.
E) all of the above.
all of the above.
89
The self is usually represented by this symbol.
A) the hero
B) the mandala
C) the star
D) the ego
E) the moon
the mandala
90
In Jungian psychology, the self
A) is the archetype of completion and wholeness.
B) is the center or essence of personality.
C) includes the other archetypes.
D) all of the above.
all of the above.
91
If Freud's theory is basically causal and Adler's is essentially teleological, then Jung's theory is
A) both causal and teleological.
B) neither causal nor teleological.
C) causal.
D) teleological.
A) both causal and teleological.
92
In Jungian psychology, introversion and extraversion are regarded as
A) functions.
B) functions.
C) archetypes.
D) complexes.
E) ego-functions.
functions.
93
According to Jung, extraversion is basically
A) feminine.
B) masculine.
C) subjective.
D) objective.
E) both b and d.
objective
94
Introverted feeling types
A) rely on subjective evaluations rather than the opinions of others.
B) frequently become accountants.
C) are strongly motivated by physiological needs.
D) rely on intuition and sensation.
E) have most of their physiological needs satisfied.
A) rely on subjective evaluations rather than the opinions of others.
95
Jung regarded thinking and feeling as
A) rational functions.
B) irrational functions.
C) rational attitudes.
D) irrational attitudes.
E) none of the above.
rational functions.
96
Which of these is NOT a substage of Jung's childhood period?
A) monarchic
B) oral
C) dualistic
D) anarchic
B) oral
97
Jung believed that the most important stage of life is middle life. At that time a person should
A) move from an introverted attitude toward an extraverted one.
B) move from an extraverted attitude toward an introverted one.
C) actualize the rational functions.
D) actualize the irrational functions.
B) move from an extraverted attitude toward an introverted one.
98
The process of becoming whole or complete-that is, actualizing the various components of personality-is called
A) active imagination.
B) individuation.
C) introspection.
D) maturation.
B) individuation.
99
According to Jung, these dreams originate from the collective unconscious rather than from personal experiences of the dreamer.
A) wish-fulfillment dreams
B) traumatic dreams
C) teleological dreams
D) big dreams
E) anxiety dreams
big dreams
100
Most research on Jungian concepts has involved the notion of
A) a collective unconscious.
B) the four basic stages of development.
C) self-realization.
D) archetypal dreams.
E) typology.
typology.
101
Klein suggested that the infant's first model for interpersonal relations was
A) the mother's breast.
B) the father.
C) the self.
D) a grandparent.
E) an imaginary playmate.
A) the mother's breast.
102
One person psychoanalyzed by Melanie Klein was
A) Erik Erikson.
B) Erich Fromm.
C) Anna Freud.
D) Little Hans.
E) her son Erich.
her son Erich.
103
3 CORRECT Klein had a bitter rivalry with
A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Anna Freud.
C) her daughter Melitta.
D) both b and c.
E) none of the above.
D) both b and c.
104
Compared with Freudian theory, object relations theory
A) places more emphasis on sexual pleasure.
B) places more emphasis on interpersonal relations.
C) stresses the importance of the father.
D) emphasizes the id.
places more emphasis on interpersonal relations.
105
5 INCORRECT The person or part of a person that satisfies the aim of an instinct is called
A) the impetus.
B) the source.
C) the object.
D) the unconscious motivator.
the object.
106
Like Freud, Klein believed that people are motivated by
A) the need for self-actualization.
B) the need for homeostasis.
C) the death instinct.
D) separation anxiety.
C) the death instinct.
107
Klein's two basic psychological positions are
A) the ideal and the real.
B) the mature and the immature.
C) the ego and the superego.
D) the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive.
E) introjection and projection.
D) the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive.
108
In order to control the good breast and to fight off its persecutors, infants use
A) their superego.
B) their id.
C) the paranoid-schizoid position.
D) the depressive position.
the paranoid-schizoid position.
109
9 INCORRECT Klein believed that feelings of anxiety about losing a loved object and a sense of guilt for desiring to destroy that object were part of
A) the paranoid-schizoid position.
B) the depressive position.
C) moralistic anxiety.
D) idealistic anxiety.
the depressive position.
110
Klein's psychic defense mechanisms
A) protect the child against public disgrace.
B) defend the ego and superego against the id.
C) protect the ego against anxiety aroused by destructive fantasies.
D) prevent unconscious fantasies from reaching consciousness.
protect the ego against anxiety aroused by destructive fantasies.
111
Infants use this means of controlling good and bad aspects of themselves.
A) the paranoid-schizophrenic position
B) the depressive position
C) projection
D) sublimation
E) splitting
E) splitting
112
Compared to Freud, Klein believed that the superego
A) is much more harsh and cruel.
B) emerged much later.
C) grew out of the Oedipus complex.
D) preceded the development of the ego.
is much more harsh and cruel.
113
Klein believed that at the end of a successfully resolved Oedipus complex, a girl
A) will see her mother as a rival.
B) will develop positive feelings toward both parents.
C) will fantasize robbing her mother of her babies.
D) will adopt a homosexual attitude toward her mother.
E) will develop negative feelings toward her mother and neutral feelings for her father.
will develop positive feelings toward both parents.
114
Klein believed that a girl fantasizes that her father's penis feeds the mother with babies during this period.
A) separation anxiety
B) preadolescent
C) introjective identification
D) oedipal
D) oedipal
115
This object relations theorist spent much time observing normal babies as they bonded with their mothers during the first 3 years of life.
A) Margaret Mahler
B) Melanie Klein
C) Heinz Kohut
D) Otto Kernberg
A) Margaret Mahler
116
16 INCORRECT Mahler's principal concern was with
A) the effects of the superego on a child's development of morality.
B) the psychological birth of the child.
C) the child's neurotic-symbiotic relationship with its mother.
D) the narcissistic needs of the child.
the child's neurotic-symbiotic relationship with its mother.
117
During the separation-individuation stage, Mahler claimed, children begin to
A) develop feelings of personal identity.
B) despair of reuniting with the mother.
C) develop normal autism.
D) blame their mother for weaning them.
develop feelings of personal identity.
118
Kohut was most interested in the
A) physiological needs of infants.
B) effects of the Oedipus complex.
C) process by which the self evolves.
D) acquisition of language and its role in higher mental processes.
process by which the self evolves.
119
According to Kohut, the needs to exhibit the grandiose self and the idealized parent image are called
A) masochistic needs.
B) sadistic needs.
C) self-esteem needs.
D) d. narcissistic needs.
d. narcissistic needs.
120
To Kernberg, this is the key to understanding adult personality.
A) birth order
B) inherited traits
C) the early mother-child relationship
D) early recollections
C) the early mother-child relationship
121
Kernberg was MOST concerned with
A) internalized object relationships.
B) intimacy during preadolescence.
C) the male and female Oedipus complex.
D) the development of the superego.
internalized object relationships.
122
Bowlby's theory assumes that
A) psychologically healthy infants have emotionally detached mothers.
B) infants who are loved too much by their mother will have difficulty forming adult relationships.
C) the mother-child bonding becomes a model for the child's future friendships.
D) all of the above.
the mother-child bonding becomes a model for the child's future friendships.
123
According to Bowlby, protest is the first stage of
A) the oedipal period.
B) identity.
C) separation anxiety.
D) the anal period.
C) separation anxiety.
124
Research by Alan Sroufe and his colleagues found that securely attached children tend to be
A) dependent on their mother.
B) dependent on their mother.
C) socially isolated.
D) introverted and have little impulse control.
dependent on their mother.
125
Horney believed that most neuroses are the result of
A) unhealthy interpersonal relations.
B) an unresolved Oedipus complex.
C) unwise parenting.
D) underdeveloped ego strength.
unhealthy interpersonal relations.
126
The life of Horney has several parallels to that of _______________; for example, both were the youngest child of an older father and both had older siblings who were favored by the parents.
A) Carl Jung
B) Alfred Adler
C) Margaret Mahler
D) Melanie Klein
Melanie Klein
127
Horney's early professional writings were strongly influenced by
A) Freud.
B) Adler.
C) Jung.
D) Sullivan.
Freud.
128
Horney criticized psychoanalysis for its
A) concept of feminine psychology.
B) overemphasis on clinical research.
C) underemphasis on clinical research.
D) concept of the three levels of mental life.
concept of feminine psychology.
129
Horney believed that cultural conditions are largely responsible for the development of
A) basic trust.
B) basic mistrust.
C) basic anxiety.
D) basic psychoses.
basic anxiety.
130
According to Horney, people are ruled by safety and
A) sex.
B) fear.
C) satisfaction.
D) anxiety.
satisfaction.
131
Horney believed that a competitive and hostile society encourages
A) hatred.
B) love.
C) isolation.
D) superiority and success.
C) isolation.
132
Horney believed that people overvalue love as a means of satisfying the need for
A) self-esteem.
B) competence.
C) superiority.
D) affection.
affection.
133
According to Horney, most neurotics,
A) are no longer motivated to find love.
B) seek love in a self-defeating fashion.
C) experience decreases in hostility.
D) develop enhanced self-esteem through their search for love.
seek love in a self-defeating fashion.
134
Horney defined basic anxiety as a feeling of being
A) separated from the mothering one.
B) isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world.
C) threatened by one's enemies.
D) incompetent in a world where others appear to be competent.
isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world.
135
Horney believed that modern society is too
A) liberal.
B) conservative.
C) dangerous.
D) competitive.
competitive.
136
According to Horney, neurotic behavior is a protection against
A) feelings of inferiority.
B) basic anxiety.
C) public disgrace.
D) exaggerated guilt.
basic anxiety.
137
Which of these is NOT one of Horney's three neurotic trends?
A) moving against people
B) moving away from people
C) moving with people
D) moving toward people
moving with people
138
Children who feel isolated from others are likely to develop the neurotic trend of moving
A) away from others.
B) with others.
C) against others.
D) toward others.
away from others.
139
The compliant person is most likely to adopt the neurotic trend of
A) moving toward people
B) moving with people
C) moving against people
D) moving away from people
moving toward people
140
Each neurotic trend has a normal healthy analogue. Friendly people have successfully solved the trend of moving
A) against others.
B) toward others.
C) with others.
D) away from others.
toward others.
141
Horney regarded the idealized self-image and self-hatred as
A) interpersonal conflicts.
B) psychosexual conflicts.
C) psychosocial conflicts.
D) intrapsychic conflicts.
E) principal ingredients in the syndrome of decay.
intrapsychic conflicts.
142
Contrary to Freud, Horney held that the Oedipus complex is
A) universal.
B) found only in males.
C) found only in females.
D) the result of anatomy.
E) the result of cultural and social factors.
the result of cultural and social factors.
143
The ultimate goal of Horneyian theory is
A) the elimination of basic anxiety.
B) the solution of basic conflicts.
C) the recovery of unconscious instincts.
D) growth toward self-realization.
E) the solution of day-to-day problems.
growth toward self-realization.
144
Brenda feels alienated from her femininity and wishes that she were a man. Horney would say that Brenda's desires stem from
A) her experiences with cultural privileges for men.
B) penis envy.
C) Oedipal strivings.
D) lack of a close relationship with her mother.
A) her experiences with cultural privileges for men.
145
Richard Ryckman and colleagues have developed the concept of personal development competitiveness that focuses on a desire
A) to win at all cost.
B) to manipulate others.
C) for personal growth.
D) for safety and security.
for safety and security.
146
Fromm believed that the rise of capitalism has contributed to
A) the growth of personal freedom.
B) a greater degree of happiness among people.
C) feelings of anxiety, isolation, and powerlessness.
D) higher levels of community cohesion.
feelings of anxiety, isolation, and powerlessness.
147
Which of these people was NOT an important influence on Fromm's thinking?
A) Freud
B) Thomas More
C) Karl Marx
D) Johann J. Bachofen
E) Karen Horney
B) Thomas More
148
One of Fromm's basic assumptions is that people have been torn away from a union with nature, and lacking adequate animal instincts, they must rely on reason. This condition is called
A) the rational imperative.
B) the human dilemma.
C) manifest destiny.
D) transcendence.
B) the human dilemma.
149
According to Fromm, the four basic elements in love are knowledge, care, respect, and
A) responsibility.
B) affection.
C) interest.
D) cooperation.
A) responsibility.
150
Transcendence is the need for humans to
A) seek self-realization in a basically sick society.
B) rise above their passive and accidental existence.
C) move beyond their human nature and into the realm of superhumans.
D) feel restless and anxious with the realization that they are constantly geographically mobile.
rise above their passive and accidental existence.
151
Rootedness is the need for humans to
A) remain fixed in their relationship with their parents.
B) rise above their passive and accidental existence.
C) feel at home again in the world.
D) return to their pre-human past.
E) feel restless and anxious with the realization that they are forever geographically mobile.
feel at home again in the world.
152
Fromm believed that a frame of orientation is necessary in order for people to
A) achieve personal identity.
B) achieve group cohesiveness.
C) make their way through the world.
D) rise above their animal nature.
make their way through the world.
153
When existential needs are not satisfied, people will
A) become motivated by human needs.
B) become motivated by essential needs.
C) develop extraordinary willpower.
D) none of the above.
D) none of the above.
154
According to Fromm, the freaks of the universe are
A) people.
B) women.
C) planets.
D) snakes.
A) people.
155
In Fromm's view, people with basic anxiety
A) suffer from the burden of freedom.
B) express their anxiety through moving away from people.
C) eventually suffer a psychotic break.
D) represent a small minority of all people.
E) both a and b
E) both a and b
156
Authoritarianism may take these two forms:
A) power and destruction
B) sadism and masochism
C) love and hate
D) effective and ineffective
B) sadism and masochism
157
The spontaneous activity of a healthy individual represents
A) positive freedom.
B) essential freedom.
C) existential chaos.
D) transcendence.
positive freedom.
158
The two components of positive freedom are
A) work and love.
B) thought and action.
C) faith and hope.
D) desire and restraint.
work and love.
159
Freud's anal character is similar to Fromm's ______ character.
A) hoarding
B) marketing
C) exploitative
D) receptive
hoarding
160
Which nonproductive characters is a product of modern commerce?
A) hoarding
B) exploitative
C) marketing
D) receptive
C) marketing
161
Biophilia is
A) the psychic illness of the modern age.
B) a passionate love of life.
C) the principal component of the syndrome of decay.
D) an erotic desire to hoard one's childhood toys.
B) a passionate love of life.
162
Fromm believed that psychopathology stems from
A) unconscious guilt.
B) modes of assimilation.
C) modes of socialization.
D) lack of rootedness.
D) lack of rootedness.
163
People who suffer from malignant narcissism
A) tend to be sadistic in their relations with others.
B) devalue that which belongs to others while overvaluing that which they possess.
C) usually possess a strong mother fixation.
D) are characterized by necrophilia and the loss of self-identity.
devalue that which belongs to others while overvaluing that which they possess.
164
A person with moral hypochondriasis
A) is overly concerned with physical symptoms.
B) is overly concerned with psychological symptoms.
C) suffers from the syndrome of decay.
D) is preoccupied with guilt.
is preoccupied with guilt.
165
Which of these is NOT part of Fromm's syndrome of decay?
A) malignant narcissism.
B) moral hypochondriasis.
C) incestuous symbiosis.
D) necrophilia.
moral hypochondriasis.
166
Shaun Saunders and Don Munro have developed the SCOI to measure Fromm's _______ character.
A) hoarding
B) exploitative
C) receptive
D) marketing
D) marketing
167
Recent research indicates that people who score high on a measure of the marketing character tend to
A) value cooperation over competition.
B) have many of the same personality traits as do people with the exploitative orientation.
C) reside in agricultural nations.
D) be angry, depressed, and anxious.
be angry, depressed, and anxious.
168
In his concept of humanity, Erich Fromm emphasized
A) neuroses.
B) differences between humans and other animals.
C) similarities between women and men.
D) the human need to achieve self-actualization.
differences between humans and other animals.
