Theories Of Religion (10M) Flashcards
Outline and explain two definitions of religion [10 marks]
Social constructionists focus on how members of society define religion in their own way. From this, it would be expected for the definition of religion to differ between individuals. As suggested by Aldridge, the followers of Scientology believe it is a religion, whilst the government have denied it legal status as a religion. This shows that definitions of religion can be contested and influenced by those in power. This suggests that social constructionists do not assume that religion always involves belief in God or the supernatural. In addition, it also takes into account that religion performs similar functions for everyone in all societies. As a result, their approach allows them to get close to the meanings individuals give to religion.
Functional definitions focus on defining religion in terms of specific kinds of belief and how it’s function contributes to society. Functional definitions shed light on the social and psychological functions of religions. Durkheim notes that religion is defined by the contribution it makes to social integration rather than it being explicitly defined by the belief in God or the supernatural. This implies that the Functional definition serves to be inclusive. This means that this definition includes a wide range of beliefs and practices that perform specific functions such as integration. Furthermore, this definition is free from bias as there is no explicit mention of the requirement to believe in God or the supernatural. For instance, Buddhism would be accepted under this definition.
Item A
Society is a system of interrelated parts, such as religion, with basic needs that are met by different institutions. Some functionalists, such as Durkheim argue that religious institutions play a central part in creating and maintaining value consensus, order and solidarity. While others, such as Malinowski, agree with Durkheim, they also believe religion has a psychological function.
Applying material from Item A, analyse two functions of religion [10 marks]
One function of religion is the creation and maintenance of the value consensus within society. This helps to maintain order and create solidarity within society. This is supported by Functionalist Durkheim, he argues ‘that religious institutions play a central part in creating maintaining value consensus, order and solidarity’ (Item A). This is demonstrated through the clear distinction between the profane and the sacred. This means that many religions contain rituals as a part of the sacred. This implies that they are collective as they are performed by social groups. As a result, all social groups are united by believing in united distinction between the sacred and the profane. However, Durkheim’s theory fails to explain how social integration functions in a multi-faith/pluralist society, particularly where religions may conflict.
Another function of religion is its psychological functions. Many believe that religion performs positive functions for an individual’s psychological state. Functionalist Malinowski believes that ‘religion has a psychological function’ (Item A) to help individuals cope with emotional stress. He didn’t see religion as ritual/fostering social cohesion, but to deal with social stresses. In his study of the Western Pacific of the trobiand islands, when undertaking ocean fishing, the travellers would engage in rituals as it was dangerous to go out. This means that the travellers would feel confident, release tension and the group’s solidarity would be reinforced. Furthermore, during life events (such as birth, death or marriage) and disruptive life changes religion can help minimise disruption. For instance, the ritual of funerals can assist in reinforcing solidarity among individuals. Even so, this view ignores religious pluralism, which is often a source of division and conflict in complex modern societies. OR religion can be dysfunctional = Northern Ireland and Ireland conflict between the catholics and Protestants.
