Theories Of Religion

Question 1

True or False? Substantive definitions of religion are inclusive.

Answer 1

False (substantive definitions of religion are exclusive).

Question 2

How does Durkheim distinguish between the sacred and the profane?

Answer 2

Durkheim sees sacred things as set apart, special and forbidden; profane things are seen as
everyday and ordinary.

Question 3

Explain how religion may perform a cognitive function.

Answer 3

According to Durkheim and Mauss, religion is the original source of categories of thought,
such as notions of time and causation.

Question 4

Explain what is meant by ‘Civil Religion’.

Answer 4

A belief system that attached sacred qualities to society itself, e.g. a faith in the ‘American
way of life’.

Question 5

Identify two criticisms of the functional view of religion.

Answer 5

It ignores the conflict that religion often produces; it neglects various types of religious
oppression.

Question 6

According to Marx, what is the main cause of alienation.

Answer 6

A lack of control over the means of production.

Question 7

Identify one way in which Hinduism may legitimate inequality.

Answer 7

By justifying the caste system, e.g. a person cannot question his or her position, as it is
believed to be deserved as the result of good or bad behaviour in a previous life.

Question 8

Identify three ways in which religions may be patriarchal.

Answer 8

Male‐dominated priesthood; segregation of women; taboos about women; male gods and
prophets; unequal rights and treatment.

Question 9

Give one example of how religion may be empowering for women.

Answer 9

For Muslim women, by using the hijab to enable them to enter the public sphere; in
evangelical groups, by sharing experiences and finding support e.g. in Bible study groups; by
becoming priests e.g. in the Church of England.