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perception and action > theories of visual perception > Flashcards

theories of visual perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what are gestalt’s laws of perceptual organisation

A
  1. similarity
  2. good continuation
  3. proximity
  4. connectedness
  5. closure
  6. common fate
  7. familiarity
  8. invariance
  9. Pragnanz - good figure
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2
Q

similarity

A

similar things appear to be grouped together

grouping can occur due to shape, lightness, hue, orientation, size…

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3
Q

good continuation

A

points that, when connected, results in straight or smoothly curving lines, are seen as belonging together
and lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path

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4
Q

reification

A

the experienced percept contains more explicit spatial information than the sensory stimulus on which it is based

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5
Q

proximity

A

things that are near to one another appear to be grouped together

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6
Q

connectedness

A

things that are physically connected are perceived as a unit

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7
Q

closure

A

of several geometrically possible perceptual organisations, a closed figure will be preferred to an open figure

we tend to complete a broken figure because of the strong closure cue for organising what we see

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8
Q

for which rules does reification occur

A

closure
good continuation

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9
Q

common fate

A

things that are moving in the same direction are grouped together

objects with the same orientation are grouped together

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10
Q

familiarity

A

things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful

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11
Q

invariance

A

simple geometrical objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, and scale; as well as several other variations

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12
Q

which rule of gestalt is a serious problem in computer vision

A

invariance

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13
Q

figure-ground segregation basics

A

normally in a visual scene some objects (figures) seem prominent, and other objects recede into the background

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14
Q

what does figure-ground segregation infer

A

top down processing

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15
Q

properties that affect whether an area is seen as figure or ground

A

symmetry
convexity
area
orientation
meaning/ importance

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16
Q

symmetry figure ground segregation

A

symmetrical areas usually figure

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17
Q

convexity figure ground segregation

A

convex shapes are usually figure

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18
Q

area figure ground segregation

A

stimuli with comparatively smaller area are usually figure

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19
Q

orientation figure ground segregation

A

vertical and horizontal orientations usually figure

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20
Q

meaning/ importance figure ground segregation

A

meaningful objects more likely to be seen as figure
implies attention: top-down process

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21
Q

problems with the gestalt approach

A

underplay the parallel processing and unconscious processing the brain does

explanation of how some of their laws worked was wrong

their laws provide a description of how things work rather than an explanation

some of the laws are ill defined
-e.g. pragnanz: what is the simplest and most stable shape?

stating the obvious?

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22
Q

pragnanz

A

when people are presented with complex shapes or a set of ambiguous elements, their brains choose to interpret them in the easiest manner possible

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23
Q

distal stimulus

A

object in the real world

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24
Q

proximal stimulus

Study These Flashcards
A

representation of the stimulus on the retina

25
gestalt psychology
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts - max wertheimer
26
segregation
how we separate figure from ground
27
grouping
how we group parts of a stimulus together
28
structuralism
perception is a combination of individual sensations that can be reduced to simple, individual elements
29
optic flow
the way the world flows and expands toward us, and contracts and flows behind us
30
what did Gibson notice about optic flow?
that it was active - movement of the observer provided an additional stream of information
31
ambient optic array
the structured arrangement of light reflected by textured surfaces with respect to a point of observation -changes due to movement
32
invariants
unambiguous information about the environment can be directly percieved
33
horizon ratio relation
proportion of object above the horizon is constant with changes in distance (of the same size standing on the same ground), but not with changes in size
34
texture gradient
changes in texture in the optic array tell us about distance, orientation and curvature of surfaces texture becomes smaller as distance increases
35
empirical support for Gibson's theory
Gibson and Bridgeman (1987) participants could correctly identify objects, state their colour and identify the lighting conditions and spatial orientations just from black and white photos of objects surfaces the average subject identified ~2/3 of the photographs correctly
36
motion parallax
things far away move more slowly than things nearby speed of movement tells us about the distance to the object monocular cue to depth
37
motion parallax in animals
used much more by animals that dont have much binocular overlap head bobbing and orthogonal running
38
expansion (optic flow) is a combination of
motion parallax and retinal size
39
practical application of Gibson's optic flow ideas
horizontal lines on the road painted closer together as the driver approaches junctions. Creates the illusion of increasing speed which causes the driver to slow down
40
what is an affordance?
an action possibility formed by the relationship between an agent and its environment memory and experience not necessary?
41
criticisms of Gibson's theory of perception
vague? how is this information picked up? ignores top down processing (experience and memory) ignores neuroscience
42
grey level description
measuring intensity of light at each point in an image (each point on the retina) produced by activation of retinal photoreceptors
43
primal sketch
representation of contrast change (blobs, edges, bars etc.) over a range of spatial frequencies
44
2 1/2 D sketch
representation of orientation, depth and colour relative to the observer
45
3D representation
representation of of objects independent of the observer
46
raw primal sketch goal
identify the objects edges
47
primal sketch to 2 1/2 D sketch
primal sketch combined with depth cues, colour, motion it is not 3D because it is observer oriented (unseen parts of scene and objects)
48
2 1/2 D sketch to 3D sketch
2 1/2 D sketch analysed for 3D volume primitives (cylinders, cones, cubes etc.) produces 3D representation that is independent of observer conscious experience of vision
49
importance of the computational approach
an algorithm is more likely to be understood by understanding the problem that has to be solved, rather than examining the mechanism in which it is embodies to understand perception by studying neurons is like trying to understand a bird in flight by only studying feathers
50
criticism of Marr's information processing approach to perception
retinal image is not always sufficient to allow reconstruction role of memory and experience?
51
the constructivist approach to perception
retinal information does not provide sufficient information perception depends upon knowledge (memory) and experience generation of perceptual hypotheses
52
unconscious inference
involuntary, pre-rational and reflex-like mechanism which is part of the formation of visual impressions fixed unconscious neural processing
53
examples of fixed unconscious neural processing
illusions: impervious to experience naive optics
54
titchner illusion
brain over emphasises size differences in grouping and separating objects
55
helmholtz
unconscious inference likelihood principle
56
what explains many illusions
explained by stored knowledge leading to inaccurate perceptual hypotheses
57
what is the hollow mask illusion explained by?
our stores knowledge that faces are convex
58
positives and negatives of the constructivist approach to perception
pro: highlighted the importance of both bottom-up and top down processing con: criticised for being vague

perception and action (2 decks)

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