Theories related to health education

Question 1

is a coherent framework of
integrated constructs and principles that describe,
explain, or predict how people learn.

Answer 1

A learning theory

Question 2

• Focusing on what is directly observable
• Learning is the product of stimulus condition(S) and response(R)
• It is useful in nursing practice for the delivery of health care

Answer 2

Behaviorist Learning Theory

Question 3

Respondent conditioning or Classical conditioning (Pavlov)

Answer 3

emphasizes the importance of stimulus conditions and the association formed in the learning process.

Example: Respondent conditioning is used to extinguish
chemotherapy patient’s anticipatory nausea and vomiting

Question 4

• Discovered by Russian Physiologist Ivan Pavlov
• A type of unconscious or automatic learning; creates a
  conditioned response through associations between an
  unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus.

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

is a stimulus or trigger that leads to an automatic or involuntary response.

Answer 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 6

is an automatic response or a response that occurs without thought when an unconditioned stimulus is present.

Answer 6

Unconditioned Response

Question 7

is a stimulus that was once neutral (didn’t trigger a response) but now leads to a response.

Answer 7

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 8

is the learned response or a response that is created where no response existed before

Answer 8

Conditioned Response

Question 9

• is a learning as a change in probability of response.

Answer 9

Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner 1904-1990)

Question 10

are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. A response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something as
praise or reward.

Answer 10

Positive Reinforcers

Question 11

is the removal of unafavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behaviour. A response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant

Answer 11

Negative Reinforcers

Question 12

is a punishment by application, involve s
the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response

Answer 12

Positive punishment

Question 13

is punishment by removal, occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior
occurs.

Answer 13

Negative punishment

Question 14

Advantages
* This theory is simple and easy to use.
* It encourages clear objective analysis of observable environment
stimulus conditions, learners’ responses and the effect of
reinforcement on people’s action

Disadvantages
* This is teacher centered model in which learners assume are
assumed to be relatively passive and easily manipulated
* It focuses on extrinsic reward and external incentives reinforces
and promotes materialism rather self-initiative.
* Based on animal studies, result not applicable to human behavior
* Clients changed behavior may deteriorate overtime.

Answer 14

Operant Conditioning

Question 15

The key to learning and changing is the individual’s cognition (perception, thought, memory, and ways of processing and structuring information).
* It is highly active process largely directed by the individual
* It involves perceiving the information
* Interpreting it based on what is already known
* Then reorganizing the information into new insights or understanding

Answer 15

Cognitive learning theory

Question 16

Benefits of Cognitive Theory

Answer 16

• Boosts confidence
• Enhances Comprehension
• Improves problem-solving skills
• Encourage continuous learning

Question 17

largely based on the work
of Albert Bandura, who mapped out a perspective
on learning that includes consideration of the personal characteristics of the learner, behavior patterns, and the environment

Answer 17

Social Learning Theory

Question 18

• is a central concept of social learning theory.
• to facilitate learning he emphasizes that role models need to be enthusiastic, professionally organized,
  caring, and self-confident, as well as knowledgeable, skilled, and good communicators.

Answer 18

Role Modeling

Question 19

involves determining whether
role models are perceived as rewarded or punished for their behavior..

Answer 19

Vicarious reinforcement

Question 20

Sigmund Freud
Motivational theory that emphasizes on emotions
rather than cognition or responses. It emphasizes the
importance of conscious and unconscious forces in
guiding behavior , personality conflict and the enduring
effects of childhood experiences on adult behavior

Answer 20

Psychodynamic Learning Theory

Question 21

contains our most primitive drives or urges, and is present from birth. It directs impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex. Freud believed that the id operates on what he called the “pleasure principle,” in which the id seeks immediate gratification

Answer 21

unconscious id

Question 22

develops as a child interacts with others, learning the
social rules for right and wrong.

Answer 22

superego

Question 23

is the rational part of our personality. It’s what Freud
considered to be the self, and it is the part of our personality that is seen
by others.

Answer 23

Ego

Question 24

Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant

Answer 24

Denial

Question 25

Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

Answer 25

Displacement

Question 26

Attributing unacceptable desires to others

Answer 26

Projection

Question 27

Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons.

Answer 27

Rationalization

Question 28

Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs

Answer 28

Reaction formation

Question 29

Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development

Answer 29

Regression

Question 30

Suppressing painful memories and thoughts

Answer 30

Repression

Question 31

Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

Answer 31

Sublimation

Question 32

Carl Rogers (1959) believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize (e.g., to fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of human-beingness’ we can.

Answer 32

Humanistic theory