Theorist and concepts Flashcards
Explain each concepts of each theorists (32 cards)
1
Q
Sigmund Freud
A
Psychoanalytic
(Id, Ego, Superego)
[Levels of Consciousness (Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious)]
(Psychosexual Stages)
(Dream Analysis)
(Defense Mechanisms)
(Free Association)
(Transference & Countertransference)
(Oedipus & Electra Complex)
2
Q
Carl Jung
A
Analytical Psychology
(Personal Unconscious)
(Collective Unconscious)
[Archetypes (Persona, Shadow, Anima/Animus, Self)]
(Introversion/Extraversion)
(Dream Analysis)
(Individuation)
[Psychological Types (Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, Intuiting)]
3
Q
Alfred Adler
A
Individual Psychology
(Inferiority Complex)
(Striving for Superiority)
(Social Interest)
(Style of Life)
(Birth Order)
(Fictional Finalism)
(Safeguarding Tendencies)
4
Q
Karen Horney
A
(Basic Anxiety)
(Neurotic Needs)
(Real Self vs. Ideal Self)
(Moving Toward, Against, and Away from People)
(Feminine Psychology)
5
Q
Erik Erikson
A
(8 Psychosocial Stages)
(Ego Identity)
(Identity Crisis)
[Virtues (e.g., Hope, Will, Purpose)]
6
Q
Carl Rogers
A
Actualizing Tendency
Self-Concept
Unconditional Positive Regard
Congruence
Conditions of Worth
Fully Functioning Person
7
Q
Abraham Maslow
A
Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Deficiency vs. Growth Needs
Peak Experiences
Metamotivation
8
Q
B.F. Skinner
A
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement (Positive/Negative)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Shaping
Extinction
Behavior Modification
9
Q
Albert Bandura
A
Observational Learning
Modeling
Self-Efficacy
Reciprocal Determinism
Vicarious Reinforcement
10
Q
Julian Rotter
A
Locus of Control
Expectancy Theory
Behavior Potential
11
Q
George Kelly
A
Personal Constructs
Constructive Alternativism
Role Construct Repertory Test
12
Q
Hans Eysenck
A
PEN Model (Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism)
Biological Basis of Traits
Lemon Drop Test
13
Q
Raymond Cattel
A
Surface Traits
Source Traits
16 Personality Factors
Factor Analysis
Ability, Temperament, Dynamic Traits
14
Q
Gordon Allport
A
Cardinal Traits
Central Traits
Secondary Traits
Functional Autonomy
Proprium
15
Q
Henry Murray
A
Needs (Primary & Secondary)
Press (Alpha & Beta)
Thema
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
16
Q
Victor Frankl
A
Will to Meaning
Existential Vacuum
Noogenic Neurosis
Attitudinal Values
Paradoxical Intention
17
Q
Id, Ego, Superego
Levels of Consciousness (Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious)
Psychosexual Stages
Dream Analysis
Defense Mechanisms
Free Association
Transference & Countertransference
Oedipus & Electra Complex
A
- Id, Ego, Superego: These are three structural elements of the psyche. The Id is driven by the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification without regard for consequences. The Ego mediates between the Id and reality, operating on the reality principle and trying to meet the Id’s desires in socially acceptable ways. The Superego represents internalized societal rules and moral values, often acting as a conscience.
- Levels of Consciousness: Freud proposed that consciousness is divided into three levels. The conscious is the thoughts and perceptions of which we are aware. The preconscious contains information we are not currently aware of but can access. The unconscious is the deepest level, containing repressed memories, desires, and instincts.
- Dream Analysis: Freud believed dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious” and that they represent unconscious desires and wishes. He used dream interpretation to explore these hidden thoughts, where latent content (hidden meaning) manifests through manifest content (the dream itself).
- Defense Mechanisms: These are unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage anxiety caused by conflicts between the Id, Ego, and Superego. Examples include repression (blocking out unpleasant memories), denial (refusing to accept reality), and projection (attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts to others).
- Free Association: A therapeutic technique where patients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind to explore the unconscious.
- Transference & Countertransference: In therapy, transference refers to the patient’s projection of feelings about important people in their life onto the therapist. Countertransference occurs when the therapist transfers their own feelings onto the patient.
- Oedipus & Electra Complex: Freud’s theory that children develop unconscious desires for their opposite-sex parent and feelings of rivalry toward their same-sex parent.
18
Q
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
Archetypes (Persona, Shadow, Anima/Animus, Self)
Introversion/Extraversion
Dream Analysis
Individuation
Psychological Types (Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, Intuiting)
A
- Personal Unconscious: Contains memories and experiences that were once conscious but have been forgotten or repressed.
- Collective Unconscious: A deeper level of the unconscious shared by all humans, containing archetypes that are universal symbols and experiences across cultures and time.
- Archetypes: These are innate, universal symbols that reside in the collective unconscious. Major archetypes include:
Persona: The social mask we wear to fit into society.
Shadow: Represents the repressed, hidden parts of the self, often seen as negative or destructive.
Anima/Animus: The feminine side of men (Anima) and the masculine side of women (Animus).
Self: Represents the whole personality, striving for balance between the conscious and unconscious aspects. - Introversion/Extraversion: Jung proposed that people are generally oriented toward either the external world (Extraversion) or their inner world of thoughts and feelings (Introversion).
- Dream Analysis: Jungian dream analysis seeks to uncover messages from the unconscious mind, focusing on symbols that represent deeper meanings and help facilitate personal growth.
- Individuation: The process of integrating the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind to achieve psychological wholeness and self-realization.
- Psychological Types: Jung classified people into thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting types based on how they prefer to process information and make decisions.
19
Q
Inferiority Complex
Striving for Superiority
Social Interest
Style of Life
Birth Order
Fictional Finalism
Safeguarding Tendencies
A
- Inferiority Complex: Adler believed that feelings of inferiority arise from early childhood experiences and motivate people to compensate for their perceived deficiencies.
- Striving for Superiority: A central motivational force in Adler’s theory, this refers to the drive to overcome challenges and achieve personal growth and mastery.
- Social Interest: The capacity to relate positively and constructively to others, which is essential for mental health and social harmony.
- Style of Life: Each individual develops a unique way of pursuing their life goals, influenced by childhood experiences and the individual’s interpretation of those experiences.
- Birth Order: Adler proposed that the position of a child in the family (e.g., first-born, middle, youngest) has a profound effect on their personality development.
- Fictional Finalism: The idea that people are motivated by imagined goals and ideals that give them direction in life.
- Safeguarding Tendencies: These are defensive strategies used by individuals to protect themselves from feelings of inferiority and failure, such as excuses, aggression, and withdrawal.
20
Q
Basic Anxiety
Neurotic Needs
Real Self vs. Ideal Self
Moving Toward, Against, and Away from People
Feminine Psychology
A
- Basic Anxiety: Horney theorized that anxiety is created by feelings of helplessness and isolation in a potentially hostile world, leading to neurotic behaviors.
- Neurotic Needs: These are exaggerated or compulsive needs that develop as coping mechanisms for basic anxiety. Examples include the need for approval, perfection, or control.
- Real Self vs. Ideal Self: The real self represents who a person truly is, while the ideal self is the image of what they wish to become. Conflict between the two can cause alienation and neurosis.
- Moving Toward, Against, and Away from People: Horney identified three coping styles: Moving Toward (seeking affection and approval), Moving Against (asserting control and power), and Moving Away (seeking independence and detachment).
- Feminine Psychology: Horney challenged Freud’s views on women, arguing that societal structures, not biology, create feelings of inferiority in women.
21
Q
8 Psychosocial Stages
Ego Identity
Identity Crisis
Virtues (e.g., Hope, Will, Purpose)
A
- 8 Psychosocial Stages: Erikson proposed that personality develops through 8 stages of psychosocial conflict, each of which must be resolved for healthy psychological development.
- Ego Identity: The coherent sense of self that develops as a result of resolving the identity crisis, particularly during adolescence.
- Identity Crisis: A key turning point during adolescence, where individuals struggle to integrate their past experiences with their future possibilities.
- Virtues: Successful resolution of conflicts at each stage results in the acquisition of a virtue, such as hope (from trust vs. mistrust) or wisdom (from integrity vs. despair).
22
Q
Actualizing Tendency
Self-Concept
Unconditional Positive Regard
Congruence
Conditions of Worth
Fully Functioning Person
A
- Actualizing Tendency: The innate drive in all individuals to grow, develop, and reach their fullest potential.
- Self-Concept: The way we perceive ourselves, which is shaped by our experiences and interactions with others.
- Unconditional Positive Regard: Accepting and valuing someone without conditions, which fosters psychological growth.
- Congruence: A state in which a person’s self-concept aligns with their actual experiences, leading to a sense of authenticity.
- Conditions of Worth: Expectations placed on individuals by others, which can lead to a disconnection between their true selves and how they feel they must behave to gain approval.
- Fully Functioning Person: A person who is open to experiences, lives in the present, and strives for personal growth and self-actualization.
23
Q
Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Deficiency vs. Growth Needs
Peak Experiences
Metamotivation
A
- Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, where basic physiological and safety needs must be met before individuals can focus on love, esteem, and ultimately self-actualization.
- Self-Actualization: The process of realizing and fulfilling one’s potential and capabilities.
- Deficiency vs. Growth Needs: Deficiency needs arise from lack (e.g., safety), while growth needs are intrinsic desires for self-fulfillment (e.g., creativity, personal development).
- Peak Experiences: Moments of intense joy, creativity, and fulfillment that provide insight into the meaning of life.
- Metamotivation: The motivation that drives self-actualizers to pursue growth, not due to deficiency but because of an inherent desire to improve themselves.
24
Q
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement (Positive/Negative)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Shaping
Extinction
Behavior Modification
A
- Operant Conditioning: Skinner’s theory of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences. Behaviors that are reinforced tend to be repeated, while behaviors that are punished are less likely to recur.
- Reinforcement (Positive/Negative): Positive reinforcement adds a rewarding stimulus (e.g., giving a treat), while negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., stopping loud noise). Both increase the likelihood of a behavior repeating.
- Schedules of Reinforcement: These refer to the timing and frequency with which reinforcement is provided. Examples include fixed ratio (reinforcement after a set number of behaviors), variable ratio (reinforcement after an unpredictable number of behaviors), fixed interval (reinforcement after a set period), and variable interval (reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of time).
- Shaping: A technique where successive approximations of a desired behavior are reinforced until the desired behavior is achieved.
- Extinction: The diminishing of a behavior when reinforcement is no longer provided.
- Behavior Modification: The application of operant conditioning principles to change behavior, often used in clinical settings to address behavioral issues.
25
Observational Learning
Modeling
Self-Efficacy
Reciprocal Determinism
Vicarious Reinforcement
- Observational Learning: Bandura proposed that people can learn by observing others, without direct reinforcement. This is often called social learning.
- Modeling: A process where individuals learn behaviors by watching others perform them. This is a key component of observational learning.
- Self-Efficacy: A person's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations. High self-efficacy increases the likelihood of trying and succeeding at tasks.
- Reciprocal Determinism: The concept that behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences all interact and influence one another. This highlights the complexity of behavior development.
- Vicarious Reinforcement: Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of others' behavior. Individuals are more likely to replicate behaviors if they see others being rewarded for them.
26
Locus of Control
Expectancy Theory
Behavior Potential
- Locus of Control: Refers to the degree to which individuals believe they have control over the outcomes of events in their lives. An internal locus of control means people believe they can influence outcomes, while an external locus of control means people believe external factors or luck dictate outcomes.
- Expectancy Theory: The theory that behavior is influenced by the expectations of outcomes. If individuals believe their actions will lead to a desired result, they are more likely to engage in the behavior.
- Behavior Potential: The likelihood that a person will exhibit a particular behavior, determined by their expectancy for success and the value they place on the outcome.
27
Personal Constructs
Constructive Alternativism
Role Construct Repertory Test
- Personal Constructs: These are the individual ways people interpret and predict events. Personal constructs shape how a person perceives the world and guides their behavior. They are developed through experiences and are unique to each person.
- Constructive Alternativism: The idea that individuals can change their interpretation of the world and that there is no single "true" reality. People can choose different ways of construing experiences.
- Repertory Grid: A tool used by Kelly to assess the personal constructs of individuals. It involves categorizing and comparing different elements (e.g., people or situations) based on personal dimensions.
28
PEN Model (Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism)
Biological Basis of Traits
Lemon Drop Test
- PEN Model: Eysenck's model of personality includes three dimensions: Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. These dimensions represent the underlying traits that define an individual’s personality.
- Biological Basis of Traits: Eysenck believed that personality traits are biologically based. For example, the level of cortical arousal affects an individual's level of extraversion.
- Lemon Drop Test: A test used by Eysenck to measure the physiological response of introverts and extraverts. It involves measuring salivation when lemon juice is placed on the tongue to assess levels of arousal and sensitivity to stimulation.
29
Surface Traits
Source Traits
16 Personality Factors
Factor Analysis
Ability, Temperament, Dynamic Traits
- Surface Traits: These are observable traits that can be seen in people's behavior but are not deeply informative of personality.
- Source Traits: These are deeper, underlying factors that account for the surface traits. They are the fundamental building blocks of personality.
- 16 Personality Factors: Cattell developed a personality inventory that assessed 16 primary traits, which were derived through factor analysis. These traits represent broad dimensions of personality.
- Factor Analysis: A statistical technique used to identify clusters of related traits and reduce the complexity of personality into fewer dimensions.
- Ability, Temperament, Dynamic Traits: Ability traits are related to a person’s skills (e.g., intelligence), temperament traits refer to emotional reactivity (e.g., anxiety), and dynamic traits relate to motivations and goals.
30
Cardinal Traits
Central Traits
Secondary Traits
Functional Autonomy
Proprium
- Cardinal Traits: These are dominant traits that define a person’s entire life, often driving their behaviors. They are so pervasive that they shape every aspect of the individual’s personality.
- Central Traits: These are general characteristics found in many people but not as dominant as cardinal traits. They provide a basic description of a person’s personality (e.g., honest, friendly).
- Secondary Traits: These are more specific traits that appear only in certain situations and are less consistent than central traits (e.g., preference for certain foods).
- Functional Autonomy: Allport’s concept that behaviors may become independent of the original motive behind them. For example, a person might initially engage in a behavior for external rewards but later continue the behavior for intrinsic satisfaction.
- Proprium: Refers to the core of an individual's personality, which includes self-awareness and the integration of traits over time.
31
Needs (Primary & Secondary)
Press (Alpha & Beta)
Thema
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Needs (Primary & Secondary): Primary needs are physiological, such as hunger or thirst. Secondary needs are psychological, including achievement and affiliation.
- Press (Alpha & Beta): Alpha press refers to the actual environmental forces, while Beta press refers to an individual's perception of those forces. Both shape personality and behavior.
- Thema: A combination of an individual’s needs and the environment that shapes the way they respond to situations.
- TAT: A projective test that involves showing participants ambiguous images and asking them to tell a story about them. The stories are then analyzed to uncover unconscious motivations and conflicts.
32
Will to Meaning
Existential Vacuum
Noogenic Neurosis
Attitudinal Values
Paradoxical Intention
- Will to Meaning: Frankl’s central idea that humans are primarily motivated by a desire to find meaning in life, rather than pleasure or power.
- Existential Vacuum: The feeling of emptiness that arises when life lacks meaning or purpose, often leading to anxiety or depression.
- Noogenic Neurosis: A psychological condition that arises when an individual is unable to find meaning or purpose in life.
- Attitudinal Values: The values and attitudes that help individuals cope with suffering and life's challenges, often leading to a deeper sense of purpose.
- Paradoxical Intention: A technique in logotherapy where individuals are encouraged to do the opposite of what they fear (e.g., deliberately exaggerating a fear) to reduce anxiety and confront it.
