Theorists

Question 1

Theory of Geoffrey Beattie

Answer 1

Found that women and men interrupted with more or less equal frequency

Recorded 10 hours of tutorial discussions and some 557 interruptions

Question 2

Theory of Jennifer Coates(1998)

Answer 2

Female talk is cooperative (helpful)

Argues that these patterns are not found in mixed talk- evidence of differing socio-cultural expectations

Women use more epistemic modal forms- perhaps, sort-of

Question 3

Theory of Jane pilkington(1992)

Answer 3

Found that women all female talk were more collaborative then men in all male talk
Women aimed for more positive, politeness WHEREAS men tended to be less complementary , supportive
Strategies include juxtaposing criticism with compliments , establishing common ground

Question 4

Theory of koenrad kuipe (1991)

Answer 4

All male talk of rugby team were likely to pay less attention to the need to save face and instead used insults as a way of expressing solidarity

Question 5

Theory of Deborah tanned(1990)

Answer 5

Explains male-female miscommunication by claiming that male- female speech was ‘cross-cultural communication’

Question 6

Prof tannen

Answer 6

Example of women asking permission from husband so her friend can come over, HOWEVER man does not ask for permission

Question 7

Deborah tanned 2

Answer 7

Claims that to many men a complaint is a challenge to find a solution

Question 8

Robin Lakoff(1975)

Answer 8

Believes female language is deficient compared to mens lang
Women’s lack real authority

Weaknesses of Lakoffs study : all American white, middle class

Lakoff knew the women , dated study, victims of domestic violence

Question 9

Janet Holmes (1992)

Answer 9

Said tag questions function are used to help maintain discussion or to be polite

Question 10

Betty Dubois ,n, Isobel crouch(1975)

Answer 10

Men use more tag questions then women, never said they were less confident

Question 11

William o’Barr and bowman Atkins (1980)

Answer 11

Suggested features did occur in women’s speech, but also found that they also were found in lower class men’s speech

Found that they were more dependent on power relations then gender

Question 12

Deborah Cameron

Answer 12

Criticised the idea that there are innate differences in male and female speech. Cameron argues: The idea that men and women use language in very different ways and for very different reasons is one of the great myths of all time

Challenges Lakoffs and Tannens research

Question 13

Julia Stanley (1973)

Answer 13

26 nouns for promiscuous men which were approving
220 nouns for promiscuous women which were disapproving
Women exist in a negative semantic field

Question 14

Hines(1994)

Answer 14

Discusses terms of address for women as metaphors for desserts ( sweetie, honeybun, cupcake

Question 15

Geoffrey leech

Answer 15

A term used to refer makes is taken and a suffix is added

Actor- actress