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sociology : education > theorists > Flashcards

theorists Flashcards

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1
Q

What concept emphasizes value consensus through social solidarity?

A

Durkheim’s theory

Durkheim believed that social solidarity is crucial for maintaining social order.

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2
Q

Who proposed the idea of bridging the gap between home and school?

A

Parsons

Parsons emphasized the importance of education in socializing children.

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3
Q

What is the principle of meritocracy?

A

Meritocracy is the belief that individuals succeed based on their abilities and efforts

This concept is central to Parsons’ view of education.

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4
Q

What is the role allocation theory proposed by Davis and Moore?

A

Role allocation assigns individuals to appropriate positions in society based on their talents

Davis and Moore argue that greater functions receive greater rewards.

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5
Q

What do Chubb and Moe argue about education?

A

Education is inefficient and unequal

They advocate for consumer choice and the privatization of schools.

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6
Q

What are Althusser’s views on education?

A

Education reproduces and legitimates class inequality

Althusser identifies ideological and repressive state apparatuses.

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7
Q

According to Bowles and Gintis, what does capitalism require from education?

A

An alienated and exploited workforce

They state that schools reward traits of passive obedience.

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8
Q

What did Willis study in ‘Learning to Labour’?

A

Willis observed ‘lads’ creating a counter-school subculture

They resisted school and rejected meritocracy.

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9
Q

List the types of capital identified by Bourdieu.

A
  • Cultural capital
  • Economic capital
  • Educational capital
  • Social capital

Bourdieu’s framework helps to understand social stratification.

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10
Q

What did Bernstein identify regarding speech codes?

A

Restricted and elaborated speech codes

He highlighted differences in communication styles between classes.

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11
Q

What did Douglas find about working-class (WC) parents’ attitudes towards education?

A

WC parents place less value on children’s education

This affects their encouragement and support for academic success.

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12
Q

What did Bernstein and Young find about middle-class (MC) mothers?

A

MC mothers are more likely to buy educational toys

This stimulates intellectual development in their children.

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13
Q

What are the four key features of WC subcultures according to Sugarman?

A
  • Fatalism
  • Collectivism
  • Immediate gratification
  • Present time orientation

These features influence educational achievement.

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14
Q

What is the myth of cultural deprivation proposed by Nell Keddie?

A

WC children are culturally different, not culturally deprived

This challenges the notion that WC students lack culture.

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15
Q

What did Howard find regarding students from poorer homes?

A

They have poorer nutrition

This affects their health and academic performance.

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16
Q

According to Wilkinson, how does class relate to mental health disorders?

A

The lower the class, the higher the rate of anxiety/conduct disorders

This highlights the impact of socio-economic status on mental health.

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17
Q

What did Bull state about financial resources for education?

A

Less money means fewer resources for school and educational trips

This can hinder educational achievement.

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18
Q

What burden do Tanner and Flaherty identify for poor families?

A

Books, computers, sports, and music place a burden on poor families

Fear of stigma may lead to 20% of eligible students not taking free school meals (FSM).

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19
Q

What does Becker’s labeling theory explain?

A

Students are labeled based on perceived abilities

This can influence their academic outcomes.

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20
Q

What classification method did Rist find teachers using?

A

Teachers classify students into ‘tigers’ and ‘clowns’ based on background and appearance

This affects students’ learning opportunities.

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21
Q

What was the finding of Dunne and Gazeley regarding WC underachievement?

A

Teachers normalized WC underachievement and labeled WC parents as disinterested

This led to class differences in achievement.

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22
Q

What did Rosenthal and Jackson’s study reveal about IQ testing in schools?

A

47% of ‘high IQ’ students made progress despite the test being a lie

This demonstrates the impact of teacher expectations on student performance.

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23
Q

What is the educational triage concept proposed by Gillborn and Youdell?

A

Schools focus on students who are likely to pass

This leads to unequal educational opportunities.

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24
Q

What two processes did Lacey identify in pupil subcultures?

A

Differentiation and polarisation

These processes explain how subcultures form in schools.

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25
What are the four responses to labeling and streaming identified by Woods?
* Ingratiation * Ritualism * Retreatism * Rebellion ## Footnote These responses reflect students' adaptations to their school experiences.
26
What emphasis do WC communities place according to Ingram?
Emphasis on conformity ## Footnote This can affect students' educational choices.
27
What does Evans argue about the MC education system?
It devalues WC experiences and discourages them from applying to elite universities ## Footnote This perpetuates class inequalities.
28
What terms did Archer introduce regarding socialization into MC culture?
* Symbolic capital * Symbolic violence * Nike identities ## Footnote These concepts explain how WC students navigate educational environments and identity.
29
Who is three times more likely to be unemployed than white people?
Africans, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis ## Footnote Refers to a statistic highlighting unemployment disparities among different ethnic groups.
30
What percentage of minorities live in crowded homes?
15% ## Footnote Indicates living conditions experienced by minority populations.
31
According to the Swann report, what is a main reason for ethnic differences in educational achievement?
Social class ## Footnote This report emphasizes the role of social class in educational outcomes.
32
What does Sewell argue is the main factor in ethnic differences in achievement?
Family ## Footnote Claims that family dynamics significantly influence educational success.
33
What is the concept of 'tough love' in black families according to Sewell?
Creates behavioural difficulties ## Footnote Suggests that strict parenting styles may lead to challenges in behavior.
34
What does Mason (1995) state about discrimination in Britain?
Discrimination is a feature of ethnic minority life ## Footnote Highlights the ongoing presence of discrimination faced by ethnic minorities.
35
What does Rex identify as consequences of racism?
Social exclusion and poverty ## Footnote Discusses how racism negatively impacts housing, diet, and education.
36
What method did Noon use to demonstrate racial bias?
Sent letters with white and ethnic names to companies ## Footnote This experiment was designed to reveal disparities in responses based on ethnicity.
37
How is an ethnic group defined according to Lawson and Garrod?
Cultural heritage and background ## Footnote Emphasizes the importance of culture in defining ethnic identity.
38
What is the definition of ethnicity?
A shared culture and identity describing a racial group ## Footnote Indicates that ethnicity encompasses both cultural and identity aspects.
39
What does Moynihan's research suggest about cultural deprivation?
It is a vicious circle ## Footnote Argues that poorly socialized children may become inadequate parents.
40
What family structure does Moynihan highlight in black families?
Many are headed by lone parent mothers ## Footnote Points to family dynamics affecting educational outcomes.
41
According to Bereiter & Engelmann, what is inadequate for educational success?
Language used by low income black American families ## Footnote Suggests that language barriers impact educational achievement.
42
What do Gillborn and Mirza find about Indian pupils?
They do very well despite often not having English as their home language ## Footnote Indicates resilience and adaptability in educational settings.
43
What does McCulloch report about white working-class students?
They also underachieve and have low aspirations ## Footnote Highlights challenges faced by this demographic in education.
44
What parenting style do Asian parents typically impose according to Lupton?
Positive authority ## Footnote Suggests a supportive approach to education among Asian families.
45
According to Pryce, why are Asian students higher achieving?
Their parents are more resilient towards racism ## Footnote Emphasizes the role of parental resilience in educational success.
46
What devastating effects did slavery have on black culture according to Pryce?
Loss of language, religion, and families ## Footnote Discusses how these losses contribute to educational underachievement.
47
What positive aspect does Driver highlight about black families?
They provide positive role models of independent women ## Footnote Suggests that black families can offer strong female figures.
48
What does Lawrence argue is the reason for underachievement in black families?
Racism ## Footnote Attributes educational challenges to systemic racism.
49
What do Wood et al. state about minority ethnic groups and employment?
They are more likely to face unemployment ## Footnote Indicates systemic barriers to employment for these groups.
50
What does Arnot claim about media representation of black masculinity?
Encourages anti-school attitudes ## Footnote Suggests that media portrayals negatively influence educational engagement.
51
What shift occurred in girl's magazines from the 70s to now according to McRobbie?
From emphasizing marriage to focusing on independent women ## Footnote Reflects changing societal expectations for women.
52
What did Sharpe find about girls' aspirations in the 1970s versus the 1990s?
1970s: husbands and children; 1990s: careers and education ## Footnote Illustrates a significant shift in female aspirations over time.
53
What focus do 14-17 year-olds have according to O’Connor?
Not on marriage or kids ## Footnote Indicates a shift in priorities among adolescents.
54
What do Beck-Gernsheim suggest about girls' career aspirations?
Influenced by individualism in society ## Footnote Suggests that personal identity plays a role in career choices.
55
What perspective does Biggart provide about working-class girls?
More likely to see motherhood as their only option ## Footnote Indicates limited educational aspirations among this demographic.
56
What do Boaler and Gorard argue about girls' achievement?
Equal opportunity policies and coursework subjects ## Footnote Suggests that policy changes have positively impacted girls' academic performance.
57
According to Mitsos and Browne, why are girls more successful in coursework?
Spend more time, take care in presentation, meet deadlines, bring materials ## Footnote Highlights behavioral differences in academic engagement.
58
What does Elwood argue about the significance of coursework in GCSEs?
Not that big of a factor compared to exams ## Footnote Suggests that exam performance is more critical for success.
59
Why do boys receive more attention in class according to French?
They receive more reprimands ## Footnote Indicates that behavior management affects teacher attention.
60
What does Francis find about boys and teacher expectations?
They are disciplined more harshly due to lower expectations ## Footnote Suggests a bias in teacher perception affecting student behavior.
61
What does Swann say about boys in classroom discussions?
Boys dominate by interrupting ## Footnote Indicates gender dynamics in classroom interactions.
62
What changes have teachers made since the 80s according to Weiner?
Challenged gender stereotypes and removed sexist materials ## Footnote Reflects efforts to create a more equitable classroom environment.
63
What effect do league tables have on girls according to Jackson?
Make girls more desirable to schools ## Footnote Suggests that competitive academic environments benefit female students.
64
Why are boys less attractive to schools according to Slee?
More likely to have behavioural difficulties ## Footnote Indicates that behavior impacts school preferences.
65
What categories does Gerwitz identify for school choosers?
Privileged, skilled choosers; disconnected local choosers; semi-skilled choosers ## Footnote Classifies parental engagement in school choice.
66
What is Ball's perspective on parentocracy?
It is a myth ## Footnote Critiques the notion that all parents have equal choice in education.
67
What does Ball suggest about setting and streaming?
Creates labelling and differences in achievement ## Footnote Highlights the impact of educational practices on student performance.
68
What are the criticisms of free schools according to Benn (2012)?
Contradiction between tackling inequality and commitment to marketisation ## Footnote Discusses the paradoxical nature of educational policies.
69
What does Allen (2010) state about free schools in Sweden?
Only benefit highly educated rich families ## Footnote Indicates social divisiveness created by free school policies.
70
What percentage of pupils at Bristol free school are on FSM?
6.4% ## Footnote Highlights the limited accessibility of free schools for disadvantaged students.

sociology : education (5 decks)

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