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Health and Social Care A2 (Izzy) > Theorists > Flashcards

Theorists Flashcards

1
Q

Who suggested the behavioural approach?

A

Skinner

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2
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

What is reinforcement?

A

Making an action more likely

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3
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

What is negative reinforcement?

A

A required behaviour learnt by the release or escape from an unpleasant stimulus

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4
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

What is positive reinforcement?

A

A required behaviour is followed by something the individual finds rewarding

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5
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

A

Behaviour - Making the bed

Consequence - Praise

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6
Q

BEHAVIOURAL

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

A

Behaviour - Making the bed

Consequence - Nagging stops

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7
Q

Who suggested social learning theory?

A

Bandura

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8
Q

SLT

Imitation is more likely if the model is _________ or _________.

A
  • Similar

- Important

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9
Q

SLT

Behaviour is more likely to be copied if it is…

A
  • Rewarded
  • Noticeable
  • Easily copied
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10
Q

SLT

What was Bandura’s study called?

A

The Bobo Doll experiment

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11
Q

SLT

Imitators behaviour is decreased if ________ is observed

A

Punishment

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12
Q

SLT

Children with low _________ are likely to copy others

A

Self-esteem

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13
Q

Who suggested the constructivist approach?

A

Piaget

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14
Q

Who suggested the humanist approach?

A

Maslow

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15
Q

HUMANIST

How does someone work up the pyramid of needs?

A

Lower levels must be satisfied (basic needs) before progressing to higher needs. The aim is to reach self-actualisation

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16
Q

HUMANIST

What are physiological needs?

A

food, warmth, shelter, sex

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17
Q

HUMANIST

What are safety needs?

A

Physical and emotional freedom from threat

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18
Q

HUMANIST

What are love/belonging needs?

A

Social inclusion and the attachment of others

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19
Q

HUMANIST

What are esteem needs?

A

Respect and secure sense of self/self concept

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20
Q

HUMANIST

What is self-actualisation?

A

Becoming needs

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21
Q

Who suggested the biological approach?

22
Q

HUMANIST

What are the 5 needs on the pyramid?

A 
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love/belonging needs
Esteem needs
Self-actualisation
23
Q

BIOLOGICAL

What are Eysenck’s two basic personality groups?

A
  • Extroversion vs introversion

- Stability vs instability

24
Q

BIOLOGICAL

What are Eysenck’s big 5?

A
  1. Extraversion/introversion
  2. Agreeableness/antagonism
  3. Conscientiousness/undirectness
  4. Stability/instability
  5. Openness to experience/conforming
25
BIOLOGICAL What does extraversion/introversion mean?
Talkative, sociable, adventurous VS reticent, turned inward
26
BIOLOGICAL What does agreeableness/antagonism mean?
Good natured, cooperative, likeable VS hostile, spiteful
27
BIOLOGICAL What does conscientiousness/undirectness mean?
Responsible, neat, task motivated VS disorganised
28
BIOLOGICAL What does stability/instability mean?
Calm, poised, composed VS uncertain, insecure
29
BIOLOGICAL What does openness to experience/conforming mean?
Flexible, original, independent, creative, daring VS rigid, conventional conforming, non-creative, timid
30
BIOLOGICAL How do you test what personality traits someone has?
Via a personality test
31
Who suggested the psychodynamic approach?
Freud
32
PSYCHODYNAMIC What are the 5 psychosexual stages?
- Oral - Anal - Phallic - Latency - Genital
33
PSYCHODYNAMIC What happens at the oral stage?
Focused on oral pleasures such as sucking, too much or too little can lead to fixation
34
PSYCHODYNAMIC What happens if someone becomes fixated at the oral stage?
Can become passive or gullible, can pick up oral habits such as smoking, overeating or drinking
35
PSYCHODYNAMIC What happens at the anal stage?
Eliminating and retaining faeces. Child has to learn to potty train, strict/unstrict can lead to fixation.
36
PSYCHODYNAMIC What happens if you become fixated at the anal stage?
Can become stubborn, mean, obsessed with tidiness, organised or the opposite
37
PSYCHODYNAMIC What happens at the phallic stage?
Pleasure zone switches to the genitals. Unconscious sexual desires for their mother, rivals with father, known as the oedipus complex.
38
PSYCHODYNAMIC What happens if someone becomes fixated at the phallic stage?
Can become reckless, risk taking, obsessed with sexual activity or timid, avoiding reference to sexuality
39
PSYCHODYNAMIC What happens at the latency stage?
Sexual urges remain repressed and children interact with same sex peers
40
PSYCHODYNAMIC What happens in the genital stage?
Sexual urges awaken, direct these urges onto opposite sex
41
PSYCHODYNAMIC Emotion and behaviour are directly driven by the...
id, ego and superego
42
PSYCHODYNAMIC What does the id do?
The 'i want' demands. Seeks to obtain pleasure and avoid pain. Egocentric, self seeking and selfish. The nature part of us.
43
PSYCHODYNAMIC What does the ego do?
Acts as the 'reality principle' where the conscious thought takes place through the demand of the external world
44
PSYCHODYNAMIC What does the superego do?
Contains rules and restrictions, morality principle. Comfortmist and self-denying.
45
CONSTRUCTIVIST What happens at the sensori-motor stage?
Age 0-2 years Coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity about the world. Language used for demands. Object permanence developed
46
CONSTRUCTIVIST What happens at the preoperational stage?
Age 2-7 years Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express full concepts. Imagination is strong, but complex abstract thoughts are difficult. Conservation developed
47
CONSTRUCTIVIST What happens at the concrete operational stage?
Age 7-11 years Concepts attached to concrete situations. Time, space and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as individual concepts
48
CONSTRUCTIVIST What happens are the formal operations stage?
Age 11+ Theoretical and hypothetical thinking. Abstract knowledge, logic and reasoning. Concepts learnt in one context and can be applied to another
49
CONSTRUCTIVIST Jean Piaget viewed intellectual growth as a process of adaption to the world. This happens through ___________, _____________ and _____________
Assimilation Accommodation Equilibration
50
CONSTRUCTIVIST What is assimilation?
Using an existing schema to deal with the new object or situation
51
CONSTRUCTIVIST What is accomodation?
Happens when an existing schema does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation
52
CONSTRUCTIVIST What is equilibration?
A balance between assimilation and accommodation

Health and Social Care A2 (Izzy) (6 decks)

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