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Theorists & their Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

Bandura - Media ‘modelling’

A

1 - violent behaviours are learnt through modelling

2 - audiences copy media representations of negative behaviour

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2
Q

Gerbner - Cultivation theory

A

1 - fear cultivation / warps perception of the world

2 - media consumption leads audiences to accept mainstream ideologies and established power structures

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3
Q

Hall - Reception theory

A

1 - encoding and decoding

2 - dominant, negotiated and oppositional decoding

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4
Q

Jenkins - Fandom

A

1 - fan appropriate media texts, producing readings that are not fully authorised by media producers

2 - audience / producer convergence in the digital age

3 - fans use participatory culture to effect wider social change

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5
Q

Shirky - End of Audience theory

A

1 - everybody makes the media

2 - everyday communities of practice

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6
Q

Barthes - Semiotics

A

1 - constructs meaning through denotation / connotation

2 - codes: hermenuetic, proairetic, semantic, semiotic, symbolic + cultural

3 - mythemes / ideological effect on audiences

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7
Q

Levi-Strauss - Structuralism

A

1 - binary oppositions

+ 2 - ideological significance

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8
Q

Todorov - Narrative

A

1 - equillibrium -> disruption -> new equillibrium

+ 2 - ideological significance

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9
Q

Neale - Genre

A

1 - repitition + difference

2 - audience pleasure

3 - genre-driven content

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10
Q

Baudrillard - Postmodernism

A

1 - real v hyperreal

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11
Q

Curran + Seaton - Ownership

A

1 - media concentration

2 - effects of concentration on the media

3 - diverse ownership = diverse products

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12
Q

Livingstone + Lunt - Regulation

A

1 - citizen / consumer models of media regulation

2 - regulation in globalised media

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13
Q

Hesmondhalgh - Culture Industry

A

1 - minismising risk / maximising profit

2 - effects of the internet are difficult to diagnose

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14
Q

Hall - Representation

A

1 - media representation

2 - stereotypes + power

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15
Q

Gilroy - Postcolonialism

A

1 - racial binaries, hegemony, otherness + civilisationism

2 - legacy of Empire + British identities

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16
Q

van Zoonen - Feminist Theories

A

1 - female bodies as spectacles

2 - masculinity in the media

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17
Q

bell hooks - Intersectionality

A

1 - interconnected oppression

2 - call to action!

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18
Q

Butler - Gender Performativity

A

1 - gender identity is made through repitition

2 - gender subversion / hierarchies

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19
Q

Gauntlett - Media + Identity

A

1 - traditional / post-traditional media consumption

2 - reflexive identity construction

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20
Q

What is Mise-en scene? (Barthes)

A

symbolic props

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21
Q

What is the Hermeneutic code (enigmas)?
(Barthes)

A

mystery / intrigue that hooks audience, compelling further viewing to find answers

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22
Q

What is the Proairetic code?
(Barthes)

A

meaning is conveyed through action or demonstration

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23
Q

What is the Semantic code?
(Barthes)

A

elements within media texts that produce connotative effects

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24
Q

What is the Symbolic code?
(Barthes)

A

repeated symbols convey a deeper meaning

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25
What is the Cultural code? (Barthes)
references to outside the text
26
What is Naturalisation? (Barthes)
media's ability to look and feel realistic, social norms
27
What are reductive? (Barthes)
Media myths
28
What can reinforce existing soical power structures? (Barthes)
Media myths
29
What is Anchorage? (Barthes)
fixing meaning through the use of another component (with a header or caption)
30
What is Denotation / Connotation? (Barthes)
literal meaning / symbolic meaning
31
What is Message Reduction? (Barthes)
media's reductive impulse discourages audiences from questioning the presented ideas
32
What is Signification? (Barthes)
process of creating meaning
33
What are Character Oppositions? (Levi-Strauss)
audiences expect meaning through oppostional characters (hero vs villain)
34
What are Narrative Oppositions? (Levi-Strauss)
media is constructed to have moments of opposition
35
What are Stylistic Oppositions? (Levi-Strauss)
media producers encode products using juxtaposed stylistic presentations
36
What are Genre-driven Binary Oppositions? (Levi-Strauss)
some binary oppositions are repeated so often that they become a convention
37
What are the function of Binary Oppositions? (Levi-Strauss)
- clearly explain ideas - create compelling narratives - create identifiable character types - create audience identification
38
Who are Propps' 7 Character Types? (Todorov)
1 - hero 2 - villain 3 - princess + her father 4 - donor 5 - helper 6 - dispatcher 7 - false hero
39
What is the Equilibrium? (Todorov)
stable beginning world
40
What is the Disruption? (Todorov)
oppositional forces that destroy stability
41
What is the New Equilibrium? (Todorov)
repair and restoration = transformed world
42
What are Anachronic devices? (Todorov)
flashforwards / flashbacks
43
What is Subplot? (Todorov)
own stories which accompany master plot
44
What is Media Res? (Todorov)
stories which begin mid-action
45
What are Multi-perspective narratives? (Todorov)
told from different characters
46
What are Metanarratives? (Todorov)
audiences are aware they are watching a story (fourth wall breaks)
47
What is Unreliable narration? (Todorov)
designed to deliberately decieve audiences
48
What are Frame Strories? (Todorov)
stories told inside stories
49
How are storys structured to have an ideological effect? (Todorov)
- Narratives are significations (world that holds ethical + moral viewpoints) - Stories articulate desire (audiences want ideals of the equillibrium) - Stories invoke desire (prompts readers to change too!) - Transgression (characters who stray from social norms are punished) -> reiterates values - Ideological villainy
50
What are ideological effects? (Todorov)
channel audiences to believe ideas
51
What is verismiltude? (Neale)
media product reflects real world
52
What is Iconography? (Neale)
visual encodings presented to audiences (like mise-en-scene)
53
What is Audience Targeting? (Neale)
specific genres are crafted for specific audience segments
54
Why does Genre Subversion take place? (Neale)
based on - audience needs (gain enjoyment from repitition + difference) - contextual influences (historal, political or social influences) - economic influences (falling sales or poor engagement create imperatives to change)
55
How is Genre-Hybridity created? (Neale)
- quick tonal shifts - piggybacking - individual product character - high/low culture remixing - expands audience appeal - nostaligia - knowing audiences - mirrors contemporary audience consumption
56
What are Auteur Effects? (Neale)
the effects that individual producers have on genre-driven products
57
What is High/Low Culture Remixing? (Neale)
producers mix pop culture and series themes
58
What is Hybridisation? (Neale)
using styles, narratives or motifs from mutliple genres in one product
59
What is Institutional mediation? (Neale)
effects of the institution in shaping genre-driven products
60
What is Early Modernity? (Baudrillard)
(renaissance -> industrial revolution) - religion dominated - singular ideology
61
What is Modernity? (Baudrillard)
(industrial revolution -> WW2) - religious certanties begin to crumble - mass media forms - competing versions of reality
62
What is Postmodernity? (Baudrillard)
(present) - mass media dominates - multi perspective, fragmented culture - whirlwind
63
What are the effects of Postmodernity? (Baudrillard)
- media is everywhere - privacy is invaded - authenticity is impossible to find
64
What is Hyperreality? (Baudrillard)
unable to seperate real world from world of media - we live in the hyperreal
65
What is Inertia? (Baudrillard)
constant stream of media paralyses us, unable to act in a way that creates deep meaning
66
What is Implosion? (Baudrillard)
sheer volume of voices, opinions is hard to detangle
67
Why are Stereotypes important? (Hall)
- reflect social attitudes - media contributes to construction - can be reshaped or repurposed - increase visibility of some key groups - infer negative traits are natural
68
What is Internalisation? (Hall)
marginalised groups assimilate the behaviours of mnegative media representations
69
What are 'others'? (Gilroy)
those are excluded from society because they are deemed as different
70
What is Albionic Nostalgia? (Gilroy)
whitewashed / idealised representation of Englishness
71
What is Civilisationism? (Gilroy)
representation where Western democracy is is pitted against extremist others
72
What is Cosmopolitan convivality? (Gilroy)
describes real world + high levels of racial harmony that mark most people's day-to-day experience. media portays media disharmony as a norm
73
What is Post-colonial melancholia? (Gilroy)
deep-rooted shame felt as a result of the loss of the British Empire
74
What is Female identification? (van Zoonen)
female spectators internalise traditional gender stereotypes
75
What is the Active Gaze? (van Zoonen)
Males are active, strong ...
76
What are Active / Passive representations? (van Zoonen)
Males are active / women are passive - leads to social dominance
77
What is the Male Gaze? (van Zoonen)
viewers take erotic pleasure from women posed in the media
78
What is Objectification? (van Zoonen)
degrades the subject
79
What is Patriarchy? (van Zoonen)
societal construct - male dominance
80
What is a Subversive representation? (van Zoonen)
challenges an idea
81
What is the Black Female experience? (hooks)
sexualised stereotypes, oppressed because of race and sex
82
What is white feminism? (hooks)
overtly racist
83
What are recurring representations / stereotypes of Black women in media? (hooks)
- absent representations! - Jezebels (over-sexualised representations of black femininity) - Aunt Jemimas (domestic service) - Sapphires (comedic depiction)
84
What is Intersectionality? (hooks)
oppression has interconnected causes
85
What does Butler believe about gender?
- gender does not exist inside the body - genders are culturally rather than naturally formed - genders are constructed through repeated action
86
What are absent representations? (Butler)
lack of alternative representations in the media helps reinforce heteronormitivity
87
What are abjected representations? (Butler)
representations that any identities other than hetero are unnatural, disgusting or repellent
88
What are parodic representations? (Butler)
exaggerated representation in a comedic way
89
What is compulsory heterosexulaity? (Butler)
we assume male / female identities and hetero relationships
90
What is the difference between gender / sex? (Butler)
gender - socially constructed sex - body born in to
91
What is gender trouble? (Butler)
an identity or representation that falls out of heteronormativity
92
What is gender performativity? (Butler)
repeating acts or rituals to define gender
93
What is gender subversion? (Butler)
representational process that undermines heteronormativity
94
What is heteronormativity? (Butler)
dominance of heterosexulaity as a normal or preferred identity
95
What is active audience engagement? (Gauntlett)
audiences who are in control of the way they watch or interact with the media
96
What is an aspirational narrative? (Gauntlett)
a product that offers means to self-improvement or offers audiences an ideal lifestyle choice
97
What is a fixed identity? (Gauntlett)
do not give individuals a great deal of choice about who they want to be
98

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