Theory

Question 1

List Marxist arguments for theory

Answer 1

Capitalism, class consciousness, hegemony, class sociology and historical materialism.

Question 2

What is class consciousness

Answer 2

The working class form their own class distinct from society. They do this because they know about exploitation

Question 3

Explain hegemony

Answer 3

Gramsci: domination by dominant people who use two methods. Coercion and consent.

Question 4

Historical materialism

Answer 4

Our infrastructures are controlled by capitalism. Yet the ruling class have created divisions and used people’s labour

Question 5

Class society

Answer 5

We have had a ancient society, feudal society and capitalist society

Question 6

Functionalist points on theory

Answer 6

Organic analogy, GAIL, integration of people, societal changes, value consensus.

Question 7

Value consensus

Answer 7

We need value consensus in order to provide social order. This is done through norms and values .

Question 8

Organic analogy

Answer 8

Parsons term that argued society is like a body with organs. Those organs could be institutions. We need institutions and people to be dependent on each other (work as one) in order to survive.

Question 9

GAIL.

Answer 9

Goal attainment, adaptation, integration and latency.

Question 10

Societal change

Answer 10

Move from a traditional society to a modern one. I.e Tradtional society would include ascribed status where as today’s society our status is achieved.

Question 11

Integration of individual

Answer 11

Through the process of socialisation and social control.

Question 12

What are the four ideas of action theory

Answer 12

Symbolic interactionism, social, ethnomethodology and phenomenology

Question 13

What is symbolic interactionism

Answer 13

Goffman. Looking glass self. Mead, I and me, goffman dramaturgical model

Question 14

What is social action theory

Answer 14

Max Webber. Concept of Verstepen and understanding. VAIT. = value rational, traditional, integration and affectual.

Question 15

What is ethonomethodology

Answer 15

Garfinkle: social order is created from bottom up. Meaning that we create it.

Question 16

What is phenomenology

Answer 16

Schultz: typifications are needed in order to have social order

Question 17

What are the stages of the theory timeline?

Answer 17

Pre-modernity, modernity, globalisation, pre modern and postmodernity.

Question 18

What was around in pre-modernity

Answer 18

The Enlightenment period occurred during this. It was a shift away from religion and traditions to more science based answers. We were moving into the modern society

Question 19

4 features of modernity

Answer 19

Nation State
Individuality
Rationality, science and tech
Capitalism

Question 20

What occurred during globalisation?

Answer 20

Political, economic, cultural and technological change

Question 21

Features of a pre modern world (late modernism)

Answer 21

Reflexivity
Risk society
Theory can be relevant but must adapt
Liquidity
Globalisation

Question 22

Features of a postmodern society

Answer 22

Simulacra, discourse, media saturation, choice, metanaratives.

Question 23

What are functional prerequisites

Answer 23

G.A.I.L = Goal attainment, adaptation, integration and latency. Parsons

Question 24

Science= should and can

Answer 24

Comte+Durkheim= positivism. Argue that science can provide reliable and effective solutions for society and long as we have value freedom.

Question 25

Science should

Answer 25

Because science is a highly trusted methods of proving understanding and trustworthy information for society

Question 26

Science can if

Answer 26

Science can if it can be falsified by researchers. Popper argued that research must be falsified in order to make sure the findings are highly valid and reliable for society. Those who can’t like Marxism takes in account bias and rejects proposals to their findings

Question 27

Science can if it follows the process of paradigm

Answer 27

Kuhn argued that science produces researchers tools to try and solve their problems. If they can solve these problems then scientific knowledge can be applied

Question 28

Science can’t

Answer 28

Because people cannot be studied scientifically. We are our own individual with different needs and views. Science cannot therefore provide solutions for every specific need. Interpretvidts therefore argue that apply our own values through qualitative methods enables to provide better outcomes.

Question 29

Science shouldn’t

Answer 29

Science is physically impossible to prove on a society that is constantly change along with paradigm and process with science which also adapts to changes.

Question 30

Cant

Answer 30

Science can’t because it challenges people’s individualism and choice in a postmodern society. Applying scientific knowledge to solutions will cause conflict within society as we are own selves

Question 31

Cant

Answer 31

Feminists argued that science is a field of study that is patriarchal and therefore provides solutions which benefit the patriarchy. Although can be challenged through coalition policies such as GIST AND WISE