Theory Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is a Molecules?
A molecule is an aggregate of at least 2 atoms in a definite arrangement, held together by chemical forces. A molecule may contain atoms of the same element or atoms of 2 or more elements joined in a fixed ratio.
What is a Diatomic Molecule?
A diatomic molecule is a molecule of only 2 atoms. The atoms can be the same or different.
Examples of diatomic molecules?
H₂ → (Hydrogen + Hydrogen)
O₂ → (Oxygen + Oxygen)
Cl₂ → (Chlorine + Chlorine)
HCl → (Hydrogen + Chlorine)
CO → (Carbon + Oxygen)
What is a Polyatomic Molecule?
A polyatomic molecule is a molecule containing more than 2 atoms.
Examples of polyatomic molecules?
NH₃ → (Nitrogen + Hydrogen + Hydrogen + Hydrogen)
O₃ → (Oxygen + Oxygen + Oxygen)
H₂O → (Hydrogen + Hydrogen + Oxygen)
CO₂ → (Carbon + Oxygen + Oxygen)
What is Ionic Bond?
Ionic bonding is between a metal element and a non-metal element. In ionic bonding, there is a complete transfer of electrons from the metal atom/element to the non-metal. In ionic bonding, the metal atoms are called “donors,” and the non-metals are “acceptors.”
What is an ionic compound?
An ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of positive and negative ions held together by ionic bonds.
What is Electrostatic force?
Electrostatic force is the force that holds ionic compounds.
Examples of ionic bonding?
– NaCl → Sodium Chloride
—– Na (metal) has valence electrons to donate.
—– Cl (non-metal) accepts those electrons.
—– The Na valence electron is transferred to Cl to make it complete.
What is a Covalent Bond?
A covalent bond is when electrons are shared by two atoms. In covalent bonding, there is no transfer of electrons; instead, they are shared.
Examples of covalent bonds?
– H + H → H₂ (sharing of electrons).
—- This is called a single covalent bond.
– O + O → O₂ (double covalent bond).
What is a Lone Pairs?
Electrons that do not participate in covalent bonds.
What is a Shared Electrons?
Electrons involved in covalent bonds.
Acids and Bases
Acids are proton donors.
Bases are proton acceptors.
Example:
H₂O + H₂O → water + water
One H₂O acts as an acid, donating a proton and becoming OH⁻.
The other H₂O acts as a base, accepting that proton and becoming H₃O⁺.
The donor becomes negatively charged (OH⁻), while the acceptor becomes positively charged (H₃O⁺).
To find the hydrogen ion concentration if pH is given, use:
[H+]=10−pH
To find the pH when the hydrogen ion concentration is given, use:
pH=−log[H+]
To find the pOH use:
pOH=−log[OH-]
When pOH is given, use:
[OH-] = 10-pOH
