Theory Flashcards
1
Q
What did Earth’s Atmosphere consist of:
A
- Water Vapor
- Hydrogen Gas
- Ammonia
- C02
- Methane
- limited free Oxygen
2
Q
What was mixed in the Milley-Urey Experiment
A
Water, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia.
Result: 15% of the C mixture was converted into organic compounds such as: amino acids, urea, and fatty acids
3
Q
Why couldn’t life start on earth again?
A
Because present atmosphere is strongly oxidizing. Molecules necessary for life can’t be synthesized outside of the cell: unstable in the presence of O2.
4
Q
5 theories of Darwin
A
1) Perpetual Change
2) Common Descent
3) Multiplication of Species
4) Gradualism
5) Natural Selection
* First 3 are widely accepted
5
Q
Difference between fragmentation and budding
A
Each fragment from fragmentation grows into new independent parts and regenerates unlike budding.
6
Q
3 types of sexual reproduction
A
1) Bisexual reproduction
2) Hermaphroditism
3) Parthenogenesis
7
Q
What is the evidence for common descent?
A
Developmental Homologies.
Describes the comparison of pharyngeal arches of four different embryos at the early stages of development.
8
Q
What is Cleavage?
A
When the embryo divides repeatedly without growth (skips G-phase of mitosis). The zygote subdivides.
Zygote -> Blastula
9
Q
Which pole of the egg has the most yolk?
A
The vegetal pole
10
Q
4 types of Yolk Placement:
A
1) Isolecithal: Very little yolk, evenly distributed
2) Mesolecithal: moderate amount of yolk concentrated at vegetal pole.
3) Telolecithal: abundance of yolk deeply concentrated at the vegetal pole.
4) Centrolecithal: Large centrally located mass of yolk.
11
Q
What developmental pattern is associated with large amount of yolk?
A
Direct development. Goes straight from embryo to mature adult.
EXPECTION IN MAMMALS
12
Q
What yolk placement patterns are associated with Holoblastic cleavage patterns?
A
Isolecithal and Mesolecithal
13
Q
What is the name of the process of which the blastula bends inwards?
A
Invagination
14
Q
Which organisms have only 1 germ layer
A
Sponges
15
Q
Which organisms have two germ layers (Diploblastic)
A
sea sponges, sea anemones, corals, and comb jellies
16
Q
What is the first event in organogenesis
A
Formation of the nervous system (formed from the ectoderm)
17
Q
What is the first functional organ
A
The heart (formed from the mesoderm)
18
Q
What are the different ways to categorize metazoans?
A
1) Fate of Blastopore
2) Cleavage Patterns
3) Fate of Cells
4) Mesoderm Formation
19
Q
How is the coelom formed during Schizocoely
A
Mesodermal cell division (mesoderm are formed first)
20
Q
How does the coelom form during Enterocoely
A
Mesoderm and coelom form at the same time. Archenteron elongates and the sides push out outward and expand into a pouch-like coelomic compartment. Pouch-like compartment pinches off.
21
Q
What body plan(s) does Enterocoely form
A
Only coelomate
22
Q
Can cells grow when separated from mosaic development
A
No, they require positional information from neighbouring cells.
23
Q
Conditional Specification is associated with that type of development
A
Regulative Development
24
Q
How are species named?
A
Genus (first letter capitalized) + Species (all lower case)
25
What is the Hierarchy of Taxonomy
1) Domain
2) Kingdom
3) Phylum
4) Class
5) Order
6) Family
7) Genus
8) Species
26
What fall under the domain of Prokaryota
Bacteria and Archea (no nuclear membrane)
27
What are the 6 Kingdoms?
1) Animalia
2) Plantae
3) Fungi
4) Protista
5) Bacteria
6) Archea
28
What are Protozoa
```
Unicellular eukaryotes (used to be considered a Phylum, but no longer are).
Paraphyletic group
```
29
Which organisms possess a trochophore larvae
Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca (Lophotrochozoan Protostomes)
30
Which organisms shed their cuticle as they grow
Nematoda and Arthropoda (Ecdysozoan Protostomes)
31
Where is the mouth formed in Protostomes
Where the blastopore was
32
What type of cleavage pattern do Deuterostomes exhibit
Radial cleavage (in most instances)
33
What type of development is seen in Lophotrochozoan Protostomes
Mosaic Development
34
How is the coelom formed in Deuterostomes
By enterocoely
35
Disadvantages of being unicellular
Limited size, Shorter life span, No division of labour
36
Modes of locomotion in Uni. Eukaryotes
Flagella (whiplike organelle)
| Cilia (hair like organelle that moves particles along the cell surface)
37
What are cilia and flagella collectively referred as
Pseudopodia (locomotion and engulfing food)
38
How do Amoebas travel
using pseudopodia
39
How do Heterotrophs get energy
By consuming other life
40
What do Saprozoic feeders ingest
Food in soluble form (not visible)
41
What is the cell mouth in unicellular eukaryotes called
Cytostome
42
What is the site where indigestible matter is expelled called
Cytoproct
43
How do paramecium reproduce sexually
Bu conjugation (the exchange of chromosomal material via cytoplasmic bridges between bacteria).
44
How do micronuclei divide
Mitotically
45
What is amitotic cell division
When the nucleus and cytoplasm divide without forming a spindle or condensation of chromosomes
46
What does not occur inside an Intermediate host
Maturation and sexual reproduction
47
What is the difference between sporogony and schizogony
Schizogony (multiple fission): sporozoite (n) -> many merozoites (n)
Sporogony (special case of schizogony): Zygote (2n) -> Many sporozoites (n)
48
What makes up the cell wall in fungi
Chitin
49
What are some examples of Photoheterotrophs
purple and green non-sulfur bacteria
50
What type of digestion do fungi use
Extrecellular digestion
51
What type of symmetry do Porifera exhibit
Radial or no symmetry
52
What are ostia
Pores which allow the flow of water in Porifera
53
What are oscula
Water outlets
54
What are the three forms of porifera
Asconoid (flagellated spongocoel)
Syconoid (flagellated canals)
Leuconoid (flagellated chambers)
55
Where does the water flow to before reaching the radial canals in Porifera
Prosopyles
56
Where does the water flow to before reaching the spongocoel in Porifera
Apopyles
57
What are spongocoel
The large central cavity of sponges where water enters
58
What are Pinacocyte
Epithelial type cell (thin tissue forming the outer layer).
59
What are Choanocyte
Flagellated collar cells. Move water, collect food particles and consume via phagocytosis.
60
What are Archeocyte
Ameboid cells. Transport food and oxygen to other cells
61
What is the major structural protein for metazoans
Collagen
62
What is a form of collagen secreted by Class Demospongiae
Spongin
63
What is used to classify sponges (based on shape)
Spicules
64
What are the types of asexual reproduction in sponges
Fragmentation
Budding
Gemmulation
65
What do sperm and oocytes develop from
Choanocytes (sometimes archeocytes)
66
How do sponges carry the sperm from the choanocyte to the oocytes
Via the mesohyl
67
What does spherical symmetry aid in
floating and rolling
68
What exhibits radial symmetry
Sponges, jellyishes, and sea urchins
69
What exhibits biradial symmetry
com jellies (Ctenophora)
70
What does the posterior end display
The back side (tail end)
71
What does distal direction mean
parts further from the middle of the body
72
What is the habitat of cnidaria
mostly marine, some freshwater, no terrestial
73
What are the classes of Phylum Cnidaria
1) Hydrozoa (hydroids, fire corals)
2) Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
3) Cubozoa (Box jellyfish)
4) Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals)
74
What are the 2 forms of Cnidaria
polyp (asexual or sexual, sessile or sedentary)
| medusa (sexual, free moving)
75
What type of gut do Cnidarians have
"Blind gut" only one opening
76
What is a Cnida
Stinging organelle
77
What is the most common type of Cnida
Nematocyst
78
What is a Cnidocil
Triggers the nematocyst to fire
79
What classes exhibit both medusa and polyp stages
Hydrozoa
| Scyphozoa
80
What class only exhibits a medusa stage
Cubozoa
81
What type of symmetry do Ctenophores exhibit
Biradial symmetry
82
What organism do Ctenophores form symbiotic relationship with
Anemones (protect anemone from getting eaten while anemonefish provide nitrogen to their hosts)
83
What is the outcome when zooxanthellae die
Coral begins to bleach (lose pigmentation and become brittle)
84
What are the 3 body plans seen in worms
Coelomate (body cavity develops entirely from the mesoderm)
Pseudocoelomate (internal body cavity surrounding the gut but not completely lined with the mesoderm)
Acoelomate (no coelom but digestive cavity still exists)
85
What type of body plan and cell organization do Platyhelminthes (flatworms) exhibit
Acoelomate and Tissue-Organ
86
Class Turbellaria: Monoecious or Diocieous
Mostly monoecious
87
What are the main body parts of Class Cestoda
Scolex (attachment to the host)
| Strobila (the main body composed of a chain of proglottids)
88
What is the reproductive unit of Cestoda
Proglottids (monoecious)
89
What organism undergoes Transverse fission
Planaria and Paramecium
90
What type of body plan and cell organization do Nematoda (Roundworms) exhibit
Pseudocoelomate and Organ-system
91
Are Annelida Lophotrochozoans or Ecydozoans
Lophotrochozoans
92
What are the 3 sub-groups of Annelida
Polycheata (marine worms)
Oligochaeta (freshwater worms, earthworms)
Hirudinida (Leeches)
93
What is the group called when combining Hirudinida + Oligochaeta
Clitellat
94
What is seta
Needlelike chitinous structures of the integument of annelids, arthropods, and others
95
What organisms exhibit metamerism
All members of annelids, arthropods and chordata
96
What class exhibits psuedometamerism
Class Cestoda
97
What holds the ventral surfaces together during mating of Earthworms
Mucus
98
Where does the worm secrete around
Clitellum
99
What are mixed inside the cocoon
Eggs from oviducts (from genital pore)
| Albumin (from skin glands)
100
Where does fertilization of eggs and embryonic development occur in
In the cocoon
101
How do polychaeta differ from other annelids
```
Well differentiated heads
Specialized sense organs
Paired paddlelike appendages (parapodia
Many chatea on each parapodium
No clitellum
```
102
What are found in the parapodia of polychaete
Chaetae
103
What do Hirudinida lack
No parapodia or setae
104
What type of circulatory system is seen in Mollusca
Mostly open-circulatory system. Closed in cephalopods
105
What are the classes of Mollusca
Gastropoda (Snails, slugs, sea slugs, sea butterflies, limpets, whelks)
Bivalvia (Mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, and shipworms)
Cephalopoda (squids, octupuses, nautiluses, cuttlefish)
106
What are the habitats of Cephalopods
they are exclusively marine (squids cannot live on land)
107
What are the body parts in Mollusc
```
Head-foot. EXCEPTION IN BIVALVES (feeding, cephalic, sensory, locomotor organs)
Visceral Mass (Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and reproductive organs)
```
108
What is the mantle
A sheath of skin extending dorsally from the visceral mass that wraps around each side of the body. Secretes a protective sheet in molluscs which protects soft parts.
109
Radula
Rasping, protrusible, tonguelike organ found in most molluscs
110
What is the modification seen in Bivalves
Laterally compressed foot
111
What is the funnel
For jet propulsion in cephalopods
112
What is the mantle cavity
Houses the respiratory organs (gills or a lung)
113
What type of reproduction is seen in Molluscs
Sexual reproduction only (mostly dioecious)
| Some gastropods are monoecious
114
What organisms have a Trocophore Larvae
Molluscs and annelids
115
What are veliger larvae
Free swimming larva of most marine snails and bivalves. Develops from a trocophore.
116
What does the circulatory system of molluscs transport
Gases
Nutrients
Waste
Hormones
117
What organisms undergo diffusion
Protozoans, porifera, Platyhelminthes, Cnidaria, Nematoda
118
Which organisms have a closed circulatory system
Annelids, cephalopods
119
What is the fluid found in open circulatory systems
Hemolymph (flows through vessels in some parts of the body into open sinuses of others
120
Why are some Gastropoda considered asymmetrical
Because of torsion in the visceral mass is asymmetrical
121
What reduces the effects of fouling in gastropods
The loss of the right gill. Water flows one-way in the left side, over the gill and the right side, clearing waste from the rectum.
122
What is the only mollusc to exploit terrestrial environments
Molluscs
123
What do Bivalves lack
No head and no radula. Very little cephalization.
124
What is ovelli
A simple eye or eyespot in many types of invertebrates
125
How do octupuses and cuttlefishes capture there pray
Use salivary glands that secrete a venom for immobilizing prey
126
What is the internal shell of cuttlefish and squid
Pen
127
What are chromatophores
Special pigment cells used as camouflage. Associated with alarm or courtship
128
What are the subphylums in Arthropoda
Chelicerata
Myriapoda
Crustacea
Hexapoda
129
What are characteristics found in all Arthropoda
```
Triploblastic
Hard exoskeleton
Coelomate
Ecdysozoan Protostomes
Complete Gut
Mostly sexual reproduction
Bilateral body symmetry
```
130
Why are arthropods so diverse and abundant
```
Versatile Exoskeleton
Segmentation and specialized appendages
Air piped directly into cell
Highly developed sensory organs
Complex behaviour pattern
Trophic breadth through metamorphosis
```
131
Why do arthropods molt
To increase body size
132
What is Ecdysis
shedding of outer cuticle as in insects or crustaceans
133
What is a Tagmata
compound body section of an arthropod resulting from embryonic fusion of two or more segments. Appendages are also differentiated
134
What is insight learning
Adapting and learning from situations via memorization in order to construct a new response.
135
How many tagmata do Hexapoda have
Head + thorax + abdomen
136
What are the classes of Hexapoda
Entognatha
| Insecta
137
How many tagmata do Chelicerata have
Cephalothorax + abdomen
138
What are the appendages of Chelicerata
1 pair of chelicerae
1 pair of pedipalps
4 pair of walking legs
139
What are some examples of Chelicerata
horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions, and mites
140
What are the tagmata in Crustacea
Cephalothorax + abdomen
141
How many antennae do crustacea have
2
142
What arthropod subphylum is only aquatic
Crustacea
143
How many tagmata do Myriapoda
Head + trunk
144
What do arthropods use for gas exchange
Tracheae (No Hemolymph in vertebrates)
145
What type of development does not include a larval stage
Ametabolous. Young and juveniles are similar to adults except in size and maturity.
146
What is an indirect form of development
Hemimetabolous or Holometabolous. Passes through the larval stage.
147
What is the difference between Hemimetabolous and Holometabolous metamorphosis
Hemimetabolous includes the nymph stage, Holometabolous include a larval stage.
148
What is a nymph
Resembles the adult in form and eating habits. In between egg and adult in terms of development.
