Ther-ex

Question 1

Organization of a muscle (4 steps)

Answer 1

sarcomere, myofibril, fibers, muscles

Question 2

Type 1 muscle fibers

Answer 2

Slow twitch
Low force
Resistant to fatigue

Question 3

Type 2a muscle fibers

Answer 3

Fast twitch
Fatigue resistant
Characteristics influenced by training

Question 4

Type 2b muscle fibers

Answer 4

Fast twitch
High force
Quick fatigue

Question 5

Order of muscle fiber recruitment

Answer 5

1, 2a, 2b

Question 6

How long does it take before training will lead to hypertrophy?

Answer 6

6-8 wks

Question 7

Muscle remodeling

Answer 7

Muscle fibers enlarge, containg more actin/myosin, and have more sarcomeres/larger myofibrils

Question 8

Average ratio of fast/slow twitch muscle fibers

Answer 8

1:1

Question 9

Muscle training at ___% of MVC blocks blood flow due to increased____, therefore the muscle uses ____ energy source

Answer 9

60%, intramuscular pressure, anaerobic

Question 10

How long of rest is needed following vigorous exercise to return muscle to 90%+ of preexercise levels?

Answer 10

3-4 min.

Question 11

Advantages of using manual resistance

Answer 11

1) judging force in weak pts
2) can be modified to accomodate pain
3) safe resistance if movement needs monitored
4) Can be changed to incorporate variable movements (PNF, etc)

Question 12

Disadvantages of using manual resistance

Answer 12

1) no quantitative measurements
2) difficult to maintain same resistance
3) limited by strength of PT

Question 13

Benefits of mechanical resistance

Answer 13

1) quantitative measurements

2) can use large loads

Question 14

Disadvantages of mechanical resistance

Answer 14

1) not easily modified in terms of movement pattern

2) may be difficult to control weights in some pts

Question 15

DOMS begins _____ after vigorous ex, and peaks at ____. Soreness and stiffness can last ____

Answer 15

12-24 hrs, 24-48 hrs, 5-7 days

Question 16

Contraindications to strengthening exercise

Answer 16

Inflammation: resistance can increase swelling and damagae joints/muscles.

Pain:severe pain/ pain lasting 24 hrs (may need to reduce load)

Question 17

Isometric exercise develops strength at (point of training/full ROM), and can (increase/decrease) blood pressure. The Valsalva manuever (should/should not) be used to increase performance

Answer 17

point of training, increase (therefore use with caution for cardiac patients), should not

Question 18

Which form of resistance training can vary resistance through ROM, and therefore is safer for early resistance training/rehabilitation: free weights, or machines?

Answer 18

machines

Question 19

Isokinetic training can provide ____ resistance at all points of ROM

Answer 19

maximum

Question 20

Which can produce higher forces, concentric or eccentric?

Answer 20

eccentric

Question 21

Rep ranges

Answer 21

endurance: <70% MVC, 12-20 reps, 20-30s rest
Hypertrophy: 70-80% MVC, 8-12 reps, 30-120s rest
Strength: 80-100% MVC, 1-8 reps, 2-5 min rest

Question 22

Mechanreceptors are stimulate by (open/closed) chain exercise, which adds to ___, ___, ___, and ___

Answer 22

closed,

joint stability, balance, coordination, agility

Question 23

DeLorme method of progression

Answer 23

based on 10 rep max
3 sets of 10 with 1-2 min rest b/w
50%, 75%, 100%

Question 24

Target heart rate to increase aerobic capacity

Answer 24

70% HR max

Question 25

Karvonen's formula (HRR)

Answer 25

THR= ((HR max-RHR) xtarget %) + RHR

Question 26

Normal minute ventilation is __ liters, during exercise, it can get up to ___ liters d/t increased breathing rate and depth

Answer 26

6, 200

Question 27

In severe pulmonary disease, cost of breathing can be up to ___% of total consumption

Answer 27

40

Question 28

Exercise induced asthma (EIA)

Answer 28

acute, reversible airway obstruction that develops 5-15 min. after strenuous exercise Following initial bronchodilation, airways constrict

Question 29

What makes EIA worse

Answer 29

Mouth breathing Cold, dry air Endurance exercise

Question 30

Submax exercise can be performed for ___ without exhausting O2 transport

Answer 30

20-60 min

Question 31

Errors in aerobic training

Answer 31

1) lack of ex testing results in poor program 2) starting too high, leading to injury 3) increasing intensity too fast 4) too intense=anaerobic 5) insufficient warm up/cool down 6) inconsistent training

Question 32

Manual stretching

Answer 32

15-30s (short duration, maintained less time than mechanical). Intensity/duration depend of pt and PT tolerance Low intensity manual stretch applied as long as possible is better tolerated with optimal improvement in weakened tissue

Question 33

Prolonged, low intensity stretching

Answer 33

external force (5lb to 10% of BW) applied-may be maintained for 20min- hours. Used for knee flexion contractures

Question 34

Dynamic splint: duration and positioning/use

Answer 34

8-10 hours, positioned at end range to increase ROM Wrist/finger contractures

Question 35

Serial casting: duration, positioning, use

Answer 35

5-7 days, positioned at end range, triceps surae contractures

Question 36

Hold Relax technique and rationale

Answer 36

isometric contraction of range limiting antagonist against slowly increasing resistance followed by relaxation and PASSIVE movement into increased range. autogenic inhibition possibly from GTO

Question 37

Hold-relax-active-contract

Answer 37

Hold relax followed by ACTIVE movement. additional relaxation due to active contraction and reciprocal inhibition.

Question 38

Contract-relax-active-contraction

Answer 38

isotonic movement in rotation followed by isometric hold of range limiting muscles in the antagonist pattern followed by voluntary relaxation and active movement into the the range in agonist patter Utilize both autogenic and reciprocal inhibition

Question 39

Active stretching

Answer 39

voluntary, unassisted movement to stretch against antagonist. 15-30s duration

Question 40

T/F: a stretched or shortened muscle will add or subtract sarcomeres from its length over time

Answer 40

True

Question 41

T/F: GTO facilitates contraction of a muscle

Answer 41

False (it inhibits when excessive tension develops)

Question 42

Myostatic contracture

Answer 42

musculotendinous unit that has adaptively shortened with loss of ROM (usually in two joint muscles)

Question 43

Irreversible contracture:

Answer 43

cannot be release without sx. normal soft tissue is replaced with bone or fibrotic tissue.

Question 44

Stabilizing reversals;

Answer 44

isometric holds of alternating between agonist and antagonist

Question 45

Rhythmic stabilization

Answer 45

simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist

Question 46

Retention is improved with feedback given (frequently, sparsely

Answer 46

Sparsely (feedback is most likely to be retained if it is summed after a number of trials or fading with decreased frequency)

Question 47

Abnormal shortening or lengthening of muscles and ligaments associated with poor posture is known as:

Answer 47

Postural stress syndrome

Question 48

Jacobson's progressive relaxation techniques

Answer 48

systematic distal to proximal progression of conscious contraction and relaxation of muscles

Question 49

Cohesion (aquatics)

Answer 49

tendency of water molecules to adhere to each other-leads to resistance while moving through water

Question 50

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 50

the circumferential water pressure exerted on immersed body part

Question 51

Pascal's law

Answer 51

pressure on immersed body is equal on all surfaces

Question 52

Temperatures above ____ have increased cardiovascular demands (aquatics)

Answer 52

37*C, 98.6*F

Question 53

Temperatures below ____ patients have difficulty maintaining core temp (aquatics)

Answer 53

25*C, 77*F

Question 54

Contraindications to aquatics

Answer 54

``` Bowel/bladder incontenence. Severe kidney disease. Severe epilepsy. Severe cardiac/respiratory dysfunction. Severe PVD. Large open wounds, skin infection, colonostomy. Bleeding. Water/airborne infection ```

Question 55

Precautions to aquatics

Answer 55

``` Fear of water Heat intolerance Small wounds (can be dressed in waterproof dressing) ```