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Foundations Of Patient Care > Ther Ex 5 > Flashcards

Ther Ex 5 Flashcards

1
Q

the body’s means of perceiving and responding to events in the internal and external environments. Receptors capable of sensing touch, pain, temperature, and chemical stimuli send information to the CNS concerning changes in our environment. The CNS responds by either voluntary movement or a change in the rate of release of specific hormones from the endocrine system, depending on which response is appropriate.

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

Nervous system is divided into 2 divisions

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

PNS is divided into

A

Afferent (go towards) and efferent (go away)

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4
Q

Nerve cells are divided into

A

Cell body, axon, and dendrites

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5
Q

Axons are covered by

A

Schwann cells

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6
Q

At rest, neurons are negatively charged in the interior with respect to the electrical charge outside the cell. This difference in electrical charge is

A

Resting potential

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7
Q

When the depolarization reaches threshold, an

A

action potential or nerve impulse is initiated

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8
Q

Neurons communicate with other neurons at junctions called

A

Synapses

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9
Q

Neurotransmitters can be

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

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10
Q

increases neuronal permeability to sodium and results

A

excitatory transmitter i

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11
Q

cause the neuron to become more negative (hyperpolarized). This hyperpolarization of the membrane

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

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12
Q

position receptors located in joint capsules, ligaments, and muscles.

A

Proprioceptors

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13
Q

The three most abundant joint and ligament receptors are

A

nerve endings, Golgi­type receptors, and Pacinian corpuscles

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14
Q

The muscle spindle functions as a

A

Length detector

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15
Q

continuously monitor the tension developed during muscular contraction.

A

Golgi tendon organs

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16
Q

In essence, Golgi tendon organs serve as safety devices that help prevent

A

Excessive force during muscle contractions

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17
Q

proprioceptors provide important information to the CNS about

A

body position and speed of limb movement, which is essential for the successful performance of complex sports skills.

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18
Q

are sensitive to chemical changes around muscle fibers.

A

Muscle chemoreceptors

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19
Q

When stimulated, muscle chemoreceptors send information back to the CNS about the

A

metabolic rate of muscular activity, and these messages play a role in the regulation of both the cardiovascular and pulmonary response to exercise

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20
Q

The somatic motor portion of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for

A

carrying neural messages from the spinal cord to skeletal muscle fibers.

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21
Q

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates are known as

A

Motor unit

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22
Q

The number of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron is called the

A

Innervation ratio

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23
Q

the progressive recruitment of motor units, beginning with the smallest motor neurons and progressing to larger and larger motor neurons.

A

The size principle

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24
Q

Recruiting smaller motor neurons that innervate slow (highly oxidative) muscle fibers first helps to

A

delay muscle fatigue when high force production is not required to perform the exercise.

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25
Q

The vestibular apparatus is responsible for maintaining

A

general equilibrium and is located in the inner ear. Specifically, these receptors provide information about linear and angular acceleration.

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26
Q

The brain can be subdivided into three parts:

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem

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27
Q

The motor cortex controls motor activity with the aid of

A

input from subcortical areas.

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28
Q

Sports with a high risk of traumatic brain injury (i.e., concussions) include

A

American football, gymnastics, ice hockey, and boxing

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29
Q

Repeated sports­related brain injuries are associated with

A

h a higher risk of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., dementia

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30
Q

The disease process responsible for traumatic brain injury–induced dementia is called

A

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

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31
Q

Evidence exists that the spinal cord plays an important role in

A

voluntary movement, with groups of neurons controlling certain aspects of motor activity.

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32
Q

The spinal mechanism by which a voluntary movement is translated into appropriate muscle action is

A

Spinal tunning

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33
Q

Reflexes provide the body with a rapid, unconscious means of reacting to a

A

Painful stimuli

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34
Q

Control of voluntary movement is complex and requires the

A

cooperation of many areas of the brain as well as several subcortical areas

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35
Q

The first step in performing a voluntary movement occurs in

A

subcortical and cortical motivational areas, which send signals to the association cortex, which forms a “rough draft” of the planned movement.

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36
Q

The movement plan is then sent to both the

A

Cerebellum and basal nuclei

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37
Q

Cerebellum responsible for making

A

FAST movements

38
Q

Basal nuclei responsible for

A

slow or deliberate movements

39
Q

the precise program is sent through the thalamus to the motor cortex, which forwards the message down to spinal neurons for “spinal tuning” and finally to skeletal muscle.

A
40
Q

Feedback to the CNS from muscle receptors and proprioceptors allows for the

A

modification of motor programs

41
Q

Motor unit aging becomes prominent in most individuals after the age

A

of 60, and accelerates after 75 to 80 years.

42
Q

Motor unit aging translates to declines in

A

reflex response times, peak power, and peak force generation.
Lifelong exercise training is a potent preventative measure for limiting age­related declines in neuromuscular function

43
Q

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for maintaining the constancy

A

the body’s internal environment.

44
Q

the autonomic nervous system can be divided into two divisions

A

(1) the sympathetic division and (2) the parasympathetic division.

45
Q

the sympathetic portion

A

(releasing norepinephrine) tends to excite an organ

46
Q

The parasympathetic portion (releasing acetylcholine) tends to

A

Inhibit same organ

47
Q

The human body contains more than 600 voluntary skeletal muscles, which constitute 40% to 50% of the total body weight. Skeletal muscle performs three major functions:

A

(1) force production for locomotion and breathing, (2) force production for postural support, and (3) heat production during cold stress.

48
Q

Individual muscle fibers are composed of hundreds of threadlike protein filaments called

A

myofibrils

49
Q

The region of sarcoplasm surrounding an individual nucleus is termed the

A

Myonuclear domain

50
Q

Motor neurons extend outward from the spinal cord and innervate

A

Individual muscle fibers

51
Q

Muscle fatigue is defined as a

A

reduction in muscle power output that results from decreased muscle force generation and/or decreased shortening velocity.

52
Q

Muscle cramps are

A

spasmodic and involuntary muscle contractions.

53
Q

Although the exact cause of muscle cramps remains unsettled, it appears that motor neuron hyperexcitability is likely the general underlying cause of many exercise­induced muscle cramps suggesting that muscle cramps originate from the

A

central nervous system.

54
Q

Successful power athletes (e.g., sprinters) generally possess a large percentage of

A

Fast muscle fibers and therefore a low percentage of slow, type I fibers.

55
Q

The amount of force generated during muscular contraction is dependent on the following factors:

A

(1) types and number of motor units recruited, (2) the initial muscle length, (3) the nature of the motor units’ neural stimulation, and (4) prior contractile activity of the mu

56
Q

The addition of muscle twitches is termed

A

Summation

57
Q

When the frequency of neural stimulation to a motor unit is increased, individual contractions are fused in a sustained contraction called

A

Tetanus

58
Q

The peak force generated by muscle decreases as the speed of movement

A

Increases

59
Q

release hormones directly into the blood to alter the activity of tissues possessing hormone­specific receptors

A

Endocrine glands

60
Q

The free plasma hormone concentration determines the

A

magnitude of the effect at the tissue level.

61
Q

The free hormone concentration can be changed by altering the rate of

A

secretion or inactivation of the hormone, the quantity of transport protein, and the plasma volume.

62
Q

The hormone—receptor interaction triggers events at the

A

Cell

63
Q

Changes in the concentration of the hormone, the number of receptors on or in the cell, and hormone—receptor affinity all influence

A

magnitude of the effect

64
Q

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are important for maintaining the

A

metabolic rate and allowing other hormones

65
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes the

A

catecholamines epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE)

66
Q

secreted from the adrenergic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

norepinephrine (NE).

67
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes

A

s aldosterone (mineralocorticoid), cortisol (glucocorticoid), and estrogens and androgens

68
Q

regulates Na+ and K+ balance

A

Aldosterone

69
Q

increases with strenuous exercise

A

Aldosterone secretion

70
Q

is secreted by the β cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and promotes the storage of glucose

A

Insulin

71
Q

The hypothalamus controls the activity of both the

A

Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

72
Q

GH is released from the anterior pituitary gland and is essential for

A

Normal growth

73
Q

GH increases during exercise to

A

mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue and to aid in the maintenance of blood glucose

74
Q

Chronic exercise (training) can decrease

A

testosterone levels in males and estrogen levels in females. The latter adaptation has potentially negative consequences related to osteoporosis.

75
Q

The latter mechanism is enhanced during exercise due to the increase

A

In calcium

76
Q

act in a permissive manner to support the actions of other hormones during exercise

A

hormones thyroxine, cortisol, and growth hormone

77
Q

Growth hormone and cortisol also provide a

A

“slow­acting” effect on carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise

78
Q

Plasma glucose is maintained during exercise by increasing

A

liver glucose mobilization, using more plasma FFA, increasing gluconeogenesis, and decreasing glucose uptake by tissues. The decrease in plasma insulin and the increase in plasma E, NE, GH, glucagon, and cortisol during exercise control these mechanisms to maintain the glucose concentration

79
Q

Glucose is taken up 7 to 20 times faster during

A

exercise than at rest—even with the decrease in plasma insulin. The increases in intracellular Ca++ and other factors are associated with an increase in the number of glucose transporters that increase the membrane transport

80
Q

Training causes a reduction in circulating levels of

A

E, NE, glucagon, and insulin responses to exercise.

81
Q

The plasma FFA concentration decreases during

A

heavy exercise even though the adipose cell is stimulated by a variety of hormones to increase
triglyceride breakdown to FFA and glycerol

82
Q

A healthy immune system requires the teamwork of two layers of immune protection:

A

(1) innate immune system and (2) acquired immune system.

83
Q

protects against foreign invaders and is composed of three major components: (1) physical barriers such as the skin and the mucous membranes that line our respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts; (2) specialized cells (e.g., phagocytes and natural killer cells) designed to destroy invaders; and (3) a group of proteins called the complement system, which are located throughout the body to protect against invaders.

A

Innate

84
Q

adapts to protect against almost any type of invading pathogen. The primary purpose of the acquired immune system is to provide protection against viruses that the innate immune system cannot combat directly. B­ and T­cells are the major cells involved in the acquired immune system. B­cells produce antibodies, whereas T­cells specialize in recognizing and removing antigens in the body.

A

Acquired immune system

85
Q

The relationship between the intensity/amount of exercise and the risk of developing a URTI is described as a

A

J shaped curve

86
Q

This J­shaped curve illustrates that moderate­intensity aerobic exercise decreases

A

Risk of infection

87
Q

heavy­intensity/prolonged exercise increases the risk of

A

infection

88
Q

Following heavy­intensity exercise, lower cell counts and activity of natural killer cells, T­cells, and B­cells appear to be directly related to the increased risk of

A

infection following heavy­intensity/long­duration bouts of exercise.

89
Q

Heavy­intensity/long­duration exercise has a temporary depressive effect on the

A

Immune system

90
Q

exercise in a hot environment does not pose a greater threat to immune function compared to exercise in a

A

Cool environment

91
Q

Prolonged high­altitude exposure (i.e., living in the mountains) combined with exercise can

A

increase the risk of URTI.

92
Q

It is not wise to exercise if cold symptoms are below the

A

Neck

Foundations Of Patient Care (7 decks)

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