Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fall 2024 > Therapeutics Exam 3 (Pediatric Nutrition) > Flashcards

Therapeutics Exam 3 (Pediatric Nutrition) Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 5 nutrition basics of infants?

A

-Lack of caloric reserve
-Increased metabolic rate
-Higher growth rates
-Increased demands during illness
-Dependent on others for nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does the metabolic rate of infants compare to adults?

A

It is higher
-they have much higher nutritional needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the typical weight range for an infant at birth?

A

3-4 kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The weight of an infant doubles from their birth weight by how many months?

A

4-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The weight of an infant triples from their birth weight by how many months?

A

12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

By 12 months, an infant’s length increases by what percent?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Adipose tissue distribution begins after what age?

A

age 2

(fat stores increase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you decide whether to use the WHO growth chart or the CDC growth chart?

A

WHO: <2 years old
CDC: 2-20 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or False: Growth is a linear process

A

FALSE

Multiple factors affect growth:
-Age
-Organ function
-Body composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What organ in neonates requires the most energy to function?

A

Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What percent of a neonate’s basal energy expenditure is used by their brain?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Deficiencies or Excesses in nutrient intake

Imbalance of essential nutrients

Impaired nutrient utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a Z-score?

A

A statistical analysis that tells us the distance and direction of an observation from a population mean

(ex: -4 would be 4 standard deviations lower than the population mean)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 2 factors may indicate that a pediatric patient is experiencing failure to thrive (aka growth faltering)?

A

-They fall down 2 major percentiles in growth

-Weight <3rd-5th percentile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 causes of malnutrition?

A

Inadequate caloric intake
Inadequate absorption
Excessive energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many kcal are in breast milk?

A

20 kcal/oz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which percentile do we use on a growth chart if we want to find an average?

A

50th (right in the middle of the percentiles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the breast feeding recommendations by AAP and WHO?

A

AAP: Exclusive breast feeding for first 6 months, optimally continue for 1 year, may extend beyond 1 year if desired

WHO: Suggests up to 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the contraindications to breast feeding?

A

**HIV positive

DRUGS (elicit and non-elicit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 2 broad categories that drugs to avoid during breastfeeding fall into?

A

Drugs that can harm the infant directly

Drugs that reduce milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which drugs can harm the infant directly?

A

Immunosuppressants
Chemotherapy
Radioactive agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which drugs reduce milk production?

A

Ergots
Decongestants
Antihistamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What drug characteristic makes a drug more likely to be absorbed by the infant while breastfeeding?

A

High oral bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What drug characteristics increase the level of a drug in breastmilk?

A

Non-ionized

Small Molecular Weight

Low Protein Binding (free floating)

High Lipid Solubility (lots of fat in breast milk)

Long T1/2 (sticks around longer)

Low Vd (not bound to many things, free floating in blood stream, get delivered to breastmilk via blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the indications for formula feeding?
-Substitute for mothers who do not/cannot breastfeed -Infants with human milk intolerance -Transmittable maternal infection -Maternal chemotherapy -Infant fails to gain weight despite optimal breastfeeding
26
What is a human milk fortifier?
-Additive to breast milk to make caloric intake greater *Breast milk does not adequately meet the nutritional needs of preterm infants* -Increase calories, minerals, vitamins, and protein
27
Human milk fortifiers increase the calorie content of human milk to what?
22-28 kcal/oz
28
What are Term Formulas?
-Modeled after breastmilk -Provide 19-20 kcal/oz Carbohydrate source: Lactose *contain cow's milk protein* Usually not concentrated
29
True or False: All infants should receive iron-fortified formula
True
30
Term, healthy infants will feed an average of how many timer per day?
6-9 times
31
Initially, breastfeeding parents are encouraged to breastfeed how many times per day?
8-12 times
32
As an infant grows older how does their feeding schedule change?
-Decreased amount of feedings per day -Increased oz per feeding (eat less often but greater quantities per feed)
33
What babies should be given Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)?
All breast-fed babies -per CDC
34
What units are used for Cholecalciferol?
mCg or International Units (IU) *use caution when selecting products with drops or mL
35
10 mCg of Cholecalciferol is equal to how many IU?
400 IU
36
For partially/fully breastfed infants, how much cholecalciferol should they receive daily?
400 IU (10mCg) daily
37
For formula fed infants, how much cholecalciferol should they receive daily?
200-400 IU (10 mCg) daily *supplement until they receive 1000 mL/formula/day (approx 30 oz/day)
38
Generally, for all term infants, how much cholecalciferol should they receive per day?
10 mCg (around 400 IU)
39
True or False: Iron supplementation is recommended for all infants?
FALSE *note that iron fortified formula is recommended for all formula-feeding babies
40
When is iron supplementation recommended in infants?
Premature neonates Term infants with a deficiency *not routinely recommended for healthy, breastfed infants
41
How much iron should a premature neonate needing supplementation receive?
2 mg/kg/day
42
How much iron should a term infant needing supplementation receive?
3 mg/kg/day
43
How much iron does ferrous sulfate contain?
20%
44
75 mg/ml of ferrous sulfate contains how much elemental iron?
15 mg elemental iron/ml
45
What are the symptoms of a zinc deficiency?
Dermatitis Diarrhea Infections Altered wound healing
46
What is the normal concentration of zinc?
70-150 mCg/dL
47
Dosing of zinc is based on what?
Elemental zinc ***not zinc salt
48
What is the conversion factor for zinc sulfate to elemental zinc?
Zinc sulfate 44 mg= 10 mg Elemental Zinc
49
Which patients may require zinc supplementation?
-Premature infants -Prolonged exclusive breast feeding after >6 months -Parenteral nutrition -IBD/Intestinal failure -Vegan or vegetarian diets -Generalized malnutrition
50
At what age should complementary foods begin to be initiated?
6 months
51
When introducing complementary foods to infants, what are some of the Do's?
Introduce 1 new food every 4-5 days Increase serving size gradually Emphasize all food groups
52
Which foods should never be given to children <1 year old?
Honey Cow's milk Choking hazards Potential allergens
53
Using the Holliday-Segar method for calculating fluid requirements, how much fluid should a child up to 10 kg receive?
100 mL/kg
54
Using the Holliday-Segar method for calculating fluid requirements, how much fluid should a child who is 10-20 kg receive?
1000 mL + 50mL/kg for every kg >10
55
Using the Holliday-Segar method for calculating fluid requirements, how much fluid should a child who is > 20 kg receive?
1500 mL + 20mL/kg for every kg > 20
56
When selecting a fluid for infants, what do we always want to be in the fluid?
Dextrose
57
When calculating feeding requirements, what information do we need to know?
-Age/ postconceptional age if preterm -Underlying medical conditions -Current weight -Number of feedings per day
58
1 oz = ? mL
30 mL
59
When formula requirements exceed fluid requirements what do we do?
Always calculate based on caloric needs Exceptions: -Fluid restricted patients **use calorie-dense formulas for these
60
How do we calculate the caloric needs of a failure to thrive patient?
Use a "catch-up" growth plan *Use weight that corresponds with the 50th percentile on the growth chart while doing calculations
61
What are the short-term options for alternative administration routes?
NG, ND, NJ, Orogastric Tube
62
What are the long-term options for alternative administration routes?
PEG, PEJ, surgical jejunostomy, gastrostomy (G-tube)

Fall 2024 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions