theries of health behavior Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What is theory from a health and disease prevention perspective?
A
Theory explains behavior and suggests ways to achieve behavior change. It represents an interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that serve to explain health behavior or provide a systematic method of guiding health promotion practice
2
Q
What is a model
A
A composite or mixture of ideas or concepts taken from any number of theories and used together - they help us understand a specific problem in a particular setting that one theory alone can’t do
3
Q
Intrapersonal Theories
A
factors within the person that influence behavior such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, motivation, self-concept, developmental history, past experience, adn skills. Some theories and models include the Health Belief Model, the Theory of Reasoned Action, Self-Efficacy Theory, Attribution Theory and the Transtheoretical model.
4
Q
Interpersonal Theories
A
Other people influence our behavior by sharing their thoughts, advice and feelings and by emotional suport and assistance (social network, healthcare providers, etc). Social Cognitive theory is a common one.
5
Q
Community-level Theories
A
Factors within social systems (communities, organizations, institutions, and public policies) such as rules, regulations, legislation, etc. Diffusion of Innovation, social Ecoloical Model and Social Capital Theory are all examples of this level of theory.
6
Q
Why do we have theories in relation to health behavior?
A
We need to solve a problem or explain behavior.
7
Q
Inductive reasoning
A
starts with specific observations or evidence and moves to a conclusion - using inductive reasoning we observe that HIV is transmitted through sexual activity and we observe that condoms preven the transmission of disease through sexual activity, therefore we conclue that condoms prevent the transmission of HIV
8
Q
Deductive reasoning
A
Starts with the conclusion - condoms prevent the transmission of HIV, and seek the observations to support the conclusion.
9
Q
Health Belief Model
A
Developed by researchers at US Publi Health Service in 1950s as a means to understand why so few people were being screened for TB. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9YYWY5qPbo
10
Q
What is a health behavior?
A
All of those things we do that influence our physical mental emotional psychological and spiritual selves. Many factors influence health behaviors such as SES, skills, etc.
11
Q
How does socioeconomic status influence health behaviors?
A
SES makes a significant contribution to health since it encompasses education, income and occupation. People wiht more education tend to live in safer homes, have better health insurance, and access to healthier foods.
12
Q
How do skills influence health behavior?
A
Behavior is influenced by having both knowledge and skills - as an example, people may know that condoms decrease HIV transmission but if they don’t know how to use condoms . . .
13
Q
How does culture influence health behavior
A
Sometimes people with knowledge and skills still dno’t use what they know - often because of cultural norms. Would you stop showering daily if it turned out it was better for skin?
14
Q
How do beliefs contribute to health behaviors?
A
Beliefs are woven within culture they are one’s own perception of what is true, such as going outside with a wet head causes pneumonia
15
Q
How does attitude affect health behaviors?
A
When there are a series of beliefs, you get attitudes - the concept that multiple beliefs contrbute to a thought or concept - wet hair, wet socks, and being cld causes pneumonia.
16
Q
How do values contribute to health behaviors?
A
What is important to people - what we value influences the types of behaviors we adopt - if someone values health they may be more likely to work out, etc.
17
Q
How does religion contribute to health behaviors?
A
Fasting, dietary restrictions, circumcision, etc.
18
Q
How does gender contribute to health behaviors?
A
Men engage in fewer health-promoting behaviors and have less healthy lifestyles than women.
19
Q
Constructs
A
The way concepts are used in a specific theory. Each theory has a concept at heart, and a series of constructs that indicate how a concept is used in that theory. If a theory is a house, the concepts are the bricks and hte constructs are hte way the bricks are used in the house.
20
Q
Variable
A
an operationalized concept - or how the concept is going to be measured - if you are talking in terms of a house, bricks can be measured by square footage, number, size, or weight.
21
Q
Self efficacy theory
A
People will only try to do what they think they can do and won’t try to do what they think they can’t do. Constructs
Mastery experience: Prior success at having accomplished something that is similar to the new behavior
Vicarious experience: learning by watching someone similar to ourselves
Verbal persuasion: encouragement by others
Somatic and emotional states: the physical and emotional states caused by thinking about undertaking the new behavior.
Proposed by Albert Bandura in late 1970s - Bandura, 1977, 2004
22
Q
Early Theories felt that . . . .
A
- behavior is regulated physically at a subconscious level; behaviors diverging from the prevailing norm are a symptom of a disease or disorder; behavior changes as a result of gaining self-insight throughanalysis with a therapist
23
Q
Mastery experience
A
a construcf of self efficacy theory - the concept that if you have experience at something, you’ll be better at it later - as an example babysitting and confidence as a new parent
24
Q
Vicarious experience
A
A construct of self efficacy theory - the observation of successes or failures of others who are similar to yourself . . .
25
Verbal persuasion
A construct of self-efficacy theory - when people are verbally persuaded that they can master a task, it boosts their self-efficacy and makes them more likely to do a task
26
Somatic and emotional states
A construct of self-efficacy theory - the physical and emotional states that occur when someone contemplates donig somethin gprovide clues as to the likelihood of success or failure. Stress, anxiety, worry, and fear all negatively affect self-efficayc and can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy of failure.
27
Self Efficacy has 2 key concepts
1. self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations.
28
Theory of reasoned action/planned behavior
Health behavior is influenced by intention. Constructs:
Attitude: a series of beliefs about something that affects the way we think and behave
Subjective norms: the behaviors we perceive important people expect of us and our desire to comply with those expectations
Volitional control: the extent to hwich we can decide to do something, at will
Behavioral control: the extent of ease or difficulty we believe hte performance of a behavoir to be
Theory of Reasoned Action proposed first - useful in explaining behaviors under someone's willful (volitional) control, but not inother behaviors.
Theory of Planned Behavior proposed as an addendum - intention is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms and behavoiral control
29
Attitudes
A construcf of TRA/TBP - formed by a series of beliefs and result in a value being placed on a behavior. If someone believes eating soy is healtheri than eating animal protein, better for the enviroment, etc, their attitude toward eating soy is better.
30
Subjective norms
A construct of TRA/TBP - the perceived social pressure to engage or not engage in a certain behavior - it is determined by normative beliefs. Tese are behaviors we perceive important people in our lives expect from us.
31
Volitional Control
A construct of TRA/TBP - behavior is the result of a person's intention to do something - the behavior has to be under volitional control for this to happen. Eating breakfast, the type of exercise, etc. is all under volitional control. Making a sports team is an example of something not under volitional control.
32
Behavioral control
A construct of TRA/TBP - in situations where there is less volitional control, even when intention si great, the TRA is not useful in predictive or explaining behavior. To address this, behavioral control was added to the theory. Behavioral control is the perceived control over performance of a behavior. For the lacrosse player who didn't make the team, behavioral control influenced his intention to try out - he believed it would make it easy for him to make hte team.
33
Theories are used as the basis for behavior change interventions because they identify:
why people do what they do.
34
Repeated observation of higher rates of injury among teen athletes during practices with minimal attention to safety equipment use and lower rates during games with maximum attention to safety equipment use leads to the conclusion that safety equipment prevents injury is an example of:
Inductive reasoning
35
Theories
come from a need to solve a problem.
36
Models differ from theories in that they
are based on concepts from different theories rather than just one.
37
Theories at the ___________level focus on the assumption that other people in our lives affect our health decisions and thus, our health behavior.
. Interpersonal
38
Theories are used as the basis for public health programs or interventions because they provide:
a possible explanation for health behavior.
39
Lowering sodium intake reduces stroke risk. Stroke risk is highest among people with high blood pressure. Lower sodium diets help control high blood pressure. This is an example of:
Deductive reasoning
40
Changing the legal limit for a DUI arrest would be consistent with which theoretical level of intervention
Community
41
When using community level theories, behavior change is predicated on
changing factors within social systems.
42
The foundation of self efficacy Theory
At times, your role as a health educator will be to empower your target population to believe in themselves. When this is needed, the Self-Efficacy Theory should be the basis used for the intervention. The keyword to remember with this theory is believe.
43
When you need to change the intention of an individual or society
Sometimes, people will make a decision to engage in a particular behavior. For example, teenagers may decide to drink alcohol underage. The reasons may be varied and can include rebellion and peer pressure, Whatever the reason, the teens are intending to drink alcohol. When trying to change intention in your target population, then the Theory of Planned Behavior should be used as the foundation of the intervention. The keyword to remember with TPB is intention.
44
According to the construct of volitional control, if engaging in a behavior is perceived as being easy, then the likelihood of engaging in the behavior is greater.
FALSE
45
According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, behavior is affected by volitional control because it:
affects intention to engage in a behavior.
46
Which of the following demonstrates use of the Self Efficacy Theory construct of vicarious experiences to increase physical activity among older adults?
The county health department offers hikes led by a retired physical education teacher.
47
Of the following, which is consistent with behavior change for heart disease risk reduction based on increasing self-efficacy through mastery experiences?
Teaching people how to make heart healthy food choices and having them revamp their meals.
48
The Theory of Reasoned Action explains behavior based on:
Intrapersonal factors
49
Which of the following best summarizes the concept of the Self-Efficacy Theory?
People will only attempt to do what they think they can do
50
Which construct of Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on the support we get from others.
Verbal persuasion
51
The difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is that the TPB:
subjective norms
52
If you were using the Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior, to change behavior, which of the following would be your focus?
altering intention.
53
Which construct of the Self-Efficacy Theory would you use to explain behavior based on past success engaging in a similar behavior?
Mastery experiences
54
Volitional control refers to:
behavior we can engage in, at will
55
According to the Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior, a person's attitude toward a behavior results from:
beliefs about the behavior
56
When a woman says she avoids going for a mammogram because the very thought of even being screened for breast cancer frightens her, which of the Self-efficacy theory constructs would explain this behavior?
Somatic and emotional states
57
Which of the following best exemplifies people with high levels of self-efficacy?
They approach a difficult task as a challenge to be overcome, rather than avoided.
58
Self-efficacy is increased through vicarious learning if:
the person being observed is like the observer.
59
Health Belief Model
Personal beliefs influence health behavior: health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about a disease and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9YYWY5qPbo
60
Perceived susceptibility
A construct in the health belief model: an individual's assessment of his or her chances of getting a disease
61
Perceived benefits
Construct in health belief model: An individual's conclusion as to whether the new behavior is better than what he or she is already doing
62
Perceived barriers
A construct in health belief model: An individual's opinion as to what will stop him/her from adopting a new behavior
63
Perceived seriousness
A construct in health belief model: An individual's judgment as to the severity of the disease
64
Modifying variables
A construct in health belief model: An individual's personal factors that affect whether the new behavior is adopted. Modifying variables are grouped into three categories: Demographic, sociopsychological (peer group, social class), and structural (knowledge and past experience)
65
Cues to action: Factors that start a person on the way to changing behavior
Events, people or things that move people to change their behavior.
66
Self-efficacy (in health belief model)
personal belief in one's own ability to do something.
67
Attribution Theory
there is a cause or explanation for things that happen
68
Locus of control
a construct in attribution theory: the extent to which a person believes he/she has control over life events. Two flavors of locus of control: internal and external. A person with an internal locus of control believes events happen as a result of something within himself or herself. A person with an external locus of control believes events happen because of thing soutside th erealm of personal control.
69
Stability
a construct in attribution theory: the extent to which a cause of an event is permanent or temporary;A stable cause of behavior is something htat doesn't change, it remains the same. Things like intelligence, work ethic, innate ability, and values. Somethings do change, mood, etc.
70
Controllability:
a construct in attribution theory: the extent to which a personl can willfully change a cause of an event; In general, we attribute negative conditions in other people's lives ot controllable causes - we blame them for their problems because we think we have control over them.
71
What does Can X Try mean
Can X Try is a proposition by Heider in the 40s and 50s - Can represents hte relationship between ability and task difficulty multiplied by Try which is the effort put forth by the person. So success or failure is hte result of how difficult a task is and the person's ability to do it, multiplied by how much effort the person puts into trying to do it.
72
The perception of threat in the Health Belief Model refers to:
he perception of disease seriousness in combination with susceptibility.
73
Which of the following theories would be most appropriate to use as the basis for an intervention aimed at increasing safer sex practices among older adults in an effort to combat the idea that sexually transmitted diseases are a "young person's" problem?
Health Belief Model
74
Attribution Theory explains that in order to change behavior the cause of the behavior must be known.
TRUE
75
According to Attribution Theory, it's important to identify behavioral causes at the individual level because the same behavior may result from different causes for different people.
TRUE
76
If the cause of a behavior is known, then the cause can be avoided and the behavior changed.
Events, people or things that move people to change their behavior.
77
According to the Health Belief Model, benefits have to outweigh barriers in order for behavior to change.
TRUE
78
A manual that increases knowledge of the health problem being addressed and provides possible solutions would be appropriate to help people with an external locus of control change their behavior.
FALSE
79
An example of the Attribution Theory construct of external locus of control to change behavior can be seen in which of the following?
Step 2 of the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous which states "We came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity."
80
Which of the following Health Belief Model construct is most likely to impede behavior change?
Perceived barriers
81
The Health Belief construct of perceived seriousness is best explained by which of the following?
An individual's opinion of the detrimental effects of a disease
82
According to the Attribution Theory construct of controllability,
undesirable health outcomes viewed by others as having controllable causes, lead to blame and stereotyping.
83
Which of the following is an internal, stable cause of behavior?
intellect
84
The underlying concept of the Health Belief Model explains that behavior results from:
. individual beliefs and perceptions.
85
Instruction from a physician is more successful in changing behavior of people with an external locus of control than in people with an internal locus of control.
TRUE
86
According to Attribution Theory, personal attributes are the basis of all behavior.
FALSE
87
The construct of perceived benefits in the Health Belief Model explains that behavior change is influenced by the extent of expected positive results from the new behavior.
TRUE
88
The Health Belief Model was first developed in response to:
c. the need to understand why people were not accessing free screenings.
89
Attribution Theory came from the desire to understand the basis of success and failure.
TRUE
90
Transtheoretical Model - stages of change
behavior change is a process that occurs in stages; Developed in early 1980s as a way to understand how people change behaviors - in particular addictive behaviors such as smoking, drug use, and alcohol abuse. : tried to answer the following question of arethere basic common principles that can reveal the structure of change occurringw ith and without psychotherapy? Yes. 10 processes.
91
Stages of change construct
A construct in transtheoretical model whihc is when progress toward change happens. 1. Pre-contemplation: people are in this stage for 6 months before they start thinking about changing a behavior to the point when they do start thinkng about it. It's the pre-thinking stage. They either don't recognize they have a behavior that needs to be changedbecause they don't know it's unhealthy, orthey just aren't ready to change a behavior they know they should. Contemplation: They recognize there is a problem and have started thinking about making a change. Preparation: once the decision to change is made - it usually lasts only about 1 month, and the preparation time is used to makea plan, obtain tools needed, learn new skills, etc. Action: once preparation is complete, the next 6 months are spent implementing the plan or putting the plan into action to change the behavior. Maintenance: the final stage of change - people work to prevent relapsing to the old behavior - this generally starts about 6 months of being in the active stage of changing and continues for another 6 months.
92
Decisional balance construct
a construct in transtheoretical model - weighing the pros and cons of change; the process of weighing the perceived pros and cons or costs and benefits of the new behavior against the old.
93
Processes of change
A construct in transtheoretical model: how progress toward change happens. While the stages of change help us understand when people change their behaviors, teh processes of change help us understand how change occurs - 10: consciousness raising, dramatic relief or emotional stimuli, environmental reevaluation, social liberation, self-reevaluation, stimulus control, helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, and self-liberation.
94
Self-efficacy
ONe's belief in one's own ability to do soemthing - a construct of the transtheoretical model of change. This plays a big role in maintaining the change - has to do with oen's confidence in coping with situations in which there is a high risk of relapse.
95
TTM proposes that behavior change
is a process that occurs in stages. As people attempt to change their behavior, they move throughdifferent stages usin ga variety of processes to help them get from one stage to the next until the desired behavior is attained.
96
Consciousness Raising
A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: the process whereby people obtain information about themselves and the problem behavior.Seeking new information and gaining an understanding of problem behavior. Accomplished through media campaigns, print materials, noline resources, educational programs
97
Dramatic relief
A part of hte 10 processes of change in TTM: also known as emotional arousal - expressing feelings about or reacting emotionally to the behavior in question and the possible solutions. aka - talking about how much you hate quitting smoking, etc. Done through role playing, personal testimonials, media campaigns, motivational interviews, psychodrama, grieving losses
98
Environmental reevaluation
A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: looking at the behavior being changed (old behavior) in light of its impact or effect on the physical and social environments. The smoker who wants to quit is understanding the environmental effects of smoking. secondhand smoke, etc. Done through empathy training, developing or showing documentarise, family interventions
99
Social liberation
A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: the process whereby options or alternatives are sought that support the new behavior.Accepting the problem-free lifestyle. Done through developing advocacy, policies, empowerment activities
100
Self-reevaluation
A part of hte 10 processes of change in TTM: A process in which people look at themselves with and without the problem behavior and assess the differences in their self-esteem - a woman in an abusive relationship woudl think about what it would be like to not live with her violent partner and how it would make her feel happier about herself. Reappraising personal values with repsect to the problem behavior and seeing one's self wtih and without the problem behavior
101
Stimulus control
A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: when people remove the cues or triggers for the problem behavior from their environment
102
Helping relationships
A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: relationships with people who act as a support system for changing the unwanted, unhealthy behavior.. Accepting the support of caring others while changing the problem behavior. Done through rapport building, counselor calls, buddy system, etc.
103
Counter conditioning
A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: a healthier behavior is subsittuted for the unhealthy one
104
Reinforcement management
A part of the 10 processes of change in TTM: rewards and punishment - although unwanted behavior can be changed through the fear of punishment or negative consequences, rewards for engaging in the targeted behavior are more natural.
105
Self-liberation
A part of hte 10 processes of change in TTM: people choose to change their behavior, elieve they can, and commit to making the change - they free themselves from a behavior in which they no longer choose to engage.
106
Pre-contemplation
A stage of change where people aren't yet thinking about behavior change. the processes of change present at this stage are consciousness raising, dramatic relief,and environmental reevaluation
107
Contemplation
A stage of change where people have begun to think about behavior change; The processes of change present are self-reevaluation, social liberation, helping relationships, dramatic relief.
108
Preparation
A stage of change where people prepare for behavior change. The processes of change present are self-liberation
109
Action/Maintenance
2 stages of change where people employ behavior change and maintain. The processes of change present are counter conditioning, helping relationships, reinforcment management, and stimulus control.
110
Protection Motivation Theory
PMT - has roots in health communication and the fear appeal. Fear motivates people to change attitudes and behaviors. 3 parts (stimulus variables) 1. the threat severity or how awful or terrible the person believed the threat to be, 2. expectancy of exposure to the threat or the porbabiliby or likelyhood of threatened outcome happening. 3. response efficacy or how effectiev the person believed the recmmended response was in eliminating or minimizing the feared outcome. 4 (added later): self-efficacy expecancy or the belief in his or her own ability to perform a given behavior. Themotivation doesn't come from fear itself, but rather from the cognitive processes used to appraise the feared outcomes.
111
Threat appraisal
PMT construct - assessing personal vulnerability to, and seriousness of a threat. Has 2 processes: 1. perception of threat severity and2. threat probability or vulnerability.
112
coping appraisal
PMT construct - assessing recommended action effectiveness, personal ability to carry out, and cost. how the recommended action is assessed in terms of effectiveness, personal abiliyt to carry out the action, and cost. It has two cognitive processes 1. coping response efficacy and 2. self-efficacy expectancy or response self-efficacy. Coping response efficacy is the belief that the recommended course of action will indeed prevent or reduce the threat or harm. Self efficacy expectancy or response self-efficacy is an individual's personal belief in his or her ability to perform the recommended action. Response costs include any cost or expenditure associated with adopting the recommendation.
113
fear appeal
part of PMT - these are useful to change beliefs and behaviors around smoking, heart disease, cancer food safety, environmental hazards, asthma, and diabetes
114
In using the Transtheoretical Model to help people quit smoking, in which stage is the focus on preventing relapse?
Maintenance stage
115
The aim of Protection Motivation Theory is safeguarding against disease transmission.
FALSE
116
According to the coping appraisal construct of Protection Motivation Theory, before people will adopt a recommended behavior, they need proof that it works.
FALSE
117
Which of the following processes of change is most similar to the concept of self-efficacy?
Self-liberation
118
In an effort to move people from the contemplation stage of the Transtheoretical Model to the next stage, which of the following processes would be appropriate to use?
Self-reevaluation
119
According to the Transtheoretical Model, when people are in the process of changing their behavior, one thing they do to move the change along is to see themselves engaging in the new behavior.
TRUE
120
Protection Motivation Theory has its roots in health communication where it is used to:
create fear campaigns to get people to adopt recommended behaviors.
121
In Protection Motivation Theory, it is the extent of seriousness of the health threat more than the extent of personal vulnerability to it that leads to behavior change.
FALSE
122
Protection Motivation Theory tells us that response cost is an important factor to consider when developing an intervention because:
if the price of the recommended action is more than people can 'spend', they won't adopt it.
123
The goal of Protection Motivation Theory is adoption of the adaptive response.
TRUE
124
In the Transtheoretical Model, before a person can move from contemplation to the next stage, which of the following must occur?
A decision must be made to pursue the change.
125
If someone has not given any thought to changing his/her behavior, according to the Transtheoretical Model this person is:
in the pre-contemplation stage of change
126
What would be the rational for using the construct of threat appraisal in the Protection Motivation Theory as the basis of a health communication campaign to reduce the risk of small children dying from being left in hot cars in the summer heat?
Having parents know the seriousness of leaving a child in a hot car and the chance of the child dying, will stop them from doing it.
127
Which of the following is an example of the Transtheoretical Model process of counter -conditioning?
A soda drinker switching to water.
128
Response self-efficacy is the process in the Protection Motivation Theory concerned with community level ability to adopt recommended changes.
FALSE
129
Which of the following is an example of the stimulus control process of change in the Transtheoretical Model for someone who changes to a vegetarian diet?
a. Participating in self-help groups.
130
Response self-efficacy of the Protection Motivation Theory impacts behavior change in that it:
a. reflects belief in personal ability to perform the recommended behavior.
131
Social Cognitive Theory
Behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors interact with each other, and changing one changes them all. SCT has it's roots in Albert Bandura's research on observation, social learning, aggressibe behavior dating to the 1950s. Durint this time, the prevailing theory about behavior acquisition was rooted in behaviorism - or the view that behavior results from environmental stimuli, consequences, rewards and punishments. Bandura focused on behavior modeling and observational learning instead. SCT is based on reciprocal determinism or the dynamic interplay among personal factors, the environment, and behavior. The way in which people interpret thier environment and their personal factors affect their behavior; their behavior affects their personal factors, etc.
132
Self efficacy - social cognitive theory
Personal belief in one's own ability to successfully do something. The single most important determinant of behavior because people will only do what they believe they can do. Even when they have the skills and knowledge to accomplish a task, it's still their belief in their own ability to do it that makes the difference between them trying or not.
133
Expectations - SCT
construct in social cognitive theory: anticipated outcomes of a particular behavior. Behavior is influenced by expectations - people behave in certain ways because they antiicpate or expect a certain result.
134
Expctancies - SCT
construct in SCT - values assigned to the outcomes of a particular behavior. Expecancies are the values we place on ourcomes. People tend to od what is likely to produce a positive or good outcome and generally avoid doing things that have negative or unrewarding outcomes. These are also called "if . . . then" statements" If a woman expects a mammogram will show she has cancer and she doesn't want to know, then the expectancy or value she places on the outcome of the mammogram is negative or undesirable and there is a good chance she'll avoid the behavior.
135
Self regulation - SCT
construct in SCT - Controlling behavior based on personal standards. Bandura feels like if self-regulation didn't exist, and people behaved soley as a result of external foces, they would be like weather vanes shifting constantly in an effort to conform to whatever social expectation they confronted.
136
Observational learning (modeling)- SCT
construct in SCT - learning by watching others. Observational learning doesn't always lead to healthy behaviors (parental smoking etc).
137
Reinforcment - SCT
construct in SCT - rewards or punishments for doing something. The basis for operant conditioning and behavior modification. Reinforcment is a system of rewards (positive reinforcement) an dpunishments 9negative reinfocecments). Behavior occurs because people want the reward or want to avoid the punisment.
138
Behavioral capability - SCT
construct in SCT - the knowledge and skills needed to engage in a particular behavior. PBefore people can perform a specific behavior, they must have knowledge of the behavior and the skills to perform it. Simply put, before doing something you have to know what it is you're going to do and knwo how to do it. (aka read food label)
139
Locus on control - SCT
construct in SCT - personal belief in one's own power over life events. Most constructs in SCT eplain behavior by the influence of external or social forces, the construct of locus of control is a bit different. This construct explains behavior based on the idea that people have varying degrees of belief in their ability to control what happens to them. This belief in the extent of personal control has an impact on health decisions, and thus on health behaviors.
140
Social Capital Theory -
behavior is influenced by who we know and how we know them
141
Networks - a construct in social capital theory
the connections or associations we have with other people, and, through them, the connections wiht people in their networks;aka networking.
142
Relationships - a construct in social capital theory
the strength of association with other people; the more people you know, the more relationships ou have, the moreconnected you are to a variety of others in a number of ways, the more resources you have at your disposal. There are three different types of relationships that affect s ocial capital: Bonding, Bridging, and LInking socila capital
143
Social Capital Theory - origins
not originally called social capital, it was originally based on equal opportunity and affirmative action policies of the 1960s - this theory wanted to go against affirmative action, etc.
144
Pierre Bourdieu -
introduced term social capital - which is made up of social obligations or relationships that can be converted into economic capital (money) in certain situations - stated another way, being a part of a group gives each individual in the group access to the resources (social capital) of all the other people in the group and in this way affects behavior.
145
what is social capital?
the type and extent of personal and institutitonal relationships in a community consisting of all the networks, norms, and structures that support interactions between peopel with acess to them.
146
Bonding Social Capital
those relationships between people who see themselves as being similar in terms of their shared social identity - origin, status, or position in society.
147
Bridging Social Capital
networks of people who come together as acquaintances - they are from different social groups and differ in some sociodemographic sense, be it age, ethnicity, education, or self-esteem.
148
Linking social capital
the weakest social capital relationships - in these, we have norms of respect and networks of trusting relationships, but they are between people who interact across power or athority gradients representing formal institutions.
149
Social Ecological Model
factors at many levels influence health behavior
150
Intrapersonal level factors - SEM
a level of the SEM: characteristics within a person
151
Interpersonal level factors - SEM
a level of SEM : relationships between people
152
Institutional level factors;
rules, regulations, and policies at the workplace - SEM level
153
Community level factors - SEM
SEM level- social network norms and environmental conditions
154
Societal level factors - SEM
SEM construct - cultural norms, economic, and other policies
155
Social Ecological Model Origins
Germany, 1870s - two researchers Schwabe and Bartholamai, studied how neighborhoods affected the development of the children who live wiht them. In the mid 1970's Urie ronfenbrenner, a developmental psychologist, putth is approach on the map. Bronfenbrenner proposed that human development occurs through a process of complex back and forth interactions between things in a person's immediate environment and that in order for these interactions to effect development, htey must occur fairly regularly over time: proximal, or up close processes - with examples in the adult child relationship, child-chlid reltaionship, and group or solitary play. Second propostion is that the effect of these back and forth interactions vary depending on teh personal characteristics of the child, the environment in which they take plac,e and the developmental outcome being studied. SEM also views the environment as a critical component of behavior and differentiated it into a set of concentric sysstems or levels - each level of the environment is inside the other, like nesting dolls, starting with the one in which relationships are closest to the person . . .
