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Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostatsis

A

Our bodies reaction to change

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2
Q

Negative feedback

A

A response that opposes a change in the environment

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3
Q

Sensor

A

detects environmental condition (nerves)

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4
Q

Intregrator

A

Analyzes signal from sensor to compare conditions to what they are naturally supposed to be in order to activate an effector (hypothalamus)

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5
Q

Effector

A

causes a physiological change that opposes change (tissues and glands)

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6
Q

Positive feedback

A

A change that moves condition away from homeostasis causes a response that amplifies the change

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7
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Regulating the internal body temperature
This has a huge impact on energy budget

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8
Q

What generates body heat and how is it regulated

A

Generated by metabolism. Is regulated by the rate of heat gain and loss

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9
Q

What is the rate of heat exchange called

A

conductance

conduction is heat transfer by direct contact

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10
Q

What are the 4 methods that heat can be exchanged with the environment

A

Heat can be exchanged with the environment by
conduction, convection, evaporation and radiation

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11
Q

What is the relationship between conductance and body weight

A

as bodyweight increases conductance increases
Large organisms have lower conductance due to smaller SA/V ratios

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12
Q

Homeotherms

A

maintains “constant” body temperature (Tb) independent of ambient temperature (Ta). This can be a human (36C) or an earthworm (5C)

Endotherms. are homeotherms

bur can also be ecotherms that stay in stable enviroment

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13
Q

Heterotherms

A

Tb fluctuates with Ta.
Freshwater fish whose Tb changes with seasonal changes in the water temperature.

Ectotherms are heterotherms

Also called polkilotherms

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14
Q

How do endotherms generate body heat

A

uses metabolism to generate body heat. [INTERNAL HEAT GENERATION]

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15
Q

How do ectotherms generate heat

A

acquires body heat from environment. [EXTERNAL HEAT SOURCE] They do generate heat from metabolism…they just don’t keep it

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16
Q

Regional heterothermy

A

organisms that are able to maintain different temperature zones in different regions of the body

characteristics of hetero and homotherms

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17
Q

Ambient temperature

A

external outside temperature

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18
Q

Body temperature in ecto and endothems

A

Endothems keep body temperature constant
Ectothems- body temperature is dictated by ambient temperature

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19
Q

Counteract heat exhange system

A

Adaptation of Regional heterothermy
that allows blood flowing in opposite direction to be warmed befpre re-entering the body core.

Blood from inner body warms blood at extremeties

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20
Q

How does temperautre affect metabolism

A

As temperature increases enzyme acitivity increases which inturn increases the resting metabolic rate

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21
Q

Hyperthermy vs Hypothermy

A

Hyperthermy has high body temp and hypothermy have low

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21
Q

Hyperthermy vs Hypothermy

A

Hyperthermy has high body temp and hypothermy have low

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22
Q

Hyperthermy vs Hypothermy

A

Hyperthermy has high body temp and hypothermy have low

23
Q

Thermal neutral zone

A

The thermoneutral zone is defined as the range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature solely through regulating dry heat loss, i.e., skin blood flow. A living body can only maintain its core temperature when heat production and heat loss are balanced.

24
When does thermoregulation occur
Thermoregulation occurs above and below the TNZ to regulate body temperature. | TNZ means thermal neutral zone
25
What is the response to Hypothermy | In terms of thermoregulation
Shivering, vasoconstriction, piloerection, decreasing surface area, decreasing exposure (huddling/burrowing) | piloerection means goosbumps
26
What happens in hyperthermy
Panting, vasodilation, sweating, increasing surface area, decreasing exposure (to sun)
27
What are longterm solutions to hyperthemy
Growing fur/adding fat, shedding, changing colour are longer term solutions, not what is happening instantaneously here
28
What are adapataions for heat loss and heat retention | in relation to enviorment
Heat retention- low conductance common in cold enviroments Heat Loss- high conductance common in tropical or hot enviroments
29
What are the 4 behavioural regulations of conductance
Exposure,grouping, dormancy,migration
30
Exposure | Behvioural regulation of conductance
Mouvement into or out of the sun/wind
31
Grouping
Huddling together to share body radiation | Radiation-heat transfer via infared radiation(like a fireplace_
32
Dormancy How long is it? What happens to body temperature? What happens to energy? | Daily torpor
6-8 hour reduction acitivity -10C drop in body temp and lower metabolic rate Reduce spending enrgy to stay warm
33
Hibernation How long is it? What is your body temperature? What are the conditions to wake up from hibernation?
Body temperature regulated close to ambient temperature Massive reduction in metabolic rate Last 2 weeks before u wake up You must generate alot of heat to wake up You stay awake for 1-2 days before repeating | Common in small organisms ## Footnote Since small organisms have large surface area to volume area they can heat up bodies quickly to hibernate properly
34
What is topor How long does it last What is body temperature Why do bears undergo torpor
Body temperature lowers by 10 degrees It lasts 2-3 days In the winter foood is scarce so they sleep. Since they have low sa to volume ratio and insulation | Avoid winter perserve energy
35
Migration
Avoidance of poor environmental conditions
36
How can ectotherms be homeotherms
If they live in constant temperature
37
What are the advantages of a constant body temperature?
It can prevent denature, and the organism is able to adapt to many environments.
38
When heat is generated by endotherms, what happens to the heat?
Thermoregulation occurs.
39
When heat is generated by ectotherms, what happens to the heat?
It is released to the environment.
40
Why can't large organisms hibernate?
hey have a small SA:V, and there- fore, they cannot produce enough heat to wakeup.
41
Why do bears not undergo the same hibernation as smaller organisms?
Since they have large surface area to volume ratio they cannot make enough body heat to wake up from hibernation. They do have fur which generates enough energy fro torpor
42
What are the physiological adjustments organisms can make to optimize heat exchange with the environment and attain an ideal body temperature? (9):
Acclimation Blood Flow Insulation Fur Length Colour Change Sweating Cryoprotectants Shivering Thermogenesis Non-Shivering Thermogenesis
43
Define Acclimation
A physiological change that occurs in response to seasonal temperature changes Organisms adjust their cellular conditions to work optimally in cold and warm environments
44
Describe acclimation in cold temperatures | cell membrane
lots of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes | At 5C, membranes are too viscous
45
Describe acclimation in hot temperatures
At 25C, membranes are too fluid lots of saturated fatty acids in membranes | Phospholipids change level of saturation
46
Vasoconstriction
The narrowing of blood vessels, results in lower conductance with the environment | We do this during hypothermy
47
When do endotherms use vasoconstriction?
When it is cold to retain heat
48
When do ectotherms use vasoconstriction?
When it is hot to retain heat.
49
Vasodilations
The widening of blood vessels, resulting in a higher conductance with the environment.
50
When do endotherms use vasodilation?
When it is hot to release heat.
51
Internal Insulation:
The use of fats or blubber under the skin, results in a slow rate of heat transfer.
52
External Insulation:
The use of surface hair on top of the skin, results in a slow rate of heat transfer.
53
Piloerection
The fluffing of fur or feathers, resulting in a low rate of heat transfer due to an increase in the thickness of insulation.
54
Dark Fur
This type of fur can absorb light and generates heat outside of the insulation layer, resulting in heat being easily lost to the environment.

Biology (2 decks)

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