Things I Dont Know

Question 1

Give a reason why 2 different primers are used

Answer 1

One primer is required for each strand

Question 2

Sate a research use of stem cells

Answer 2

Testing drugs

Question 3

Suggest an a ethical reason why medical research may involve the use of embryonic stem cells

Answer 3

Reduces animal testing

Question 4

Suggest how the investigation could be improved to give more reliable results

Answer 4

Use more …. At each temperature

Question 5

Explain how increasing the environmental temperature leads to an increased metabolic rate

Answer 5

Results in optimal diffusion rates, so more oxygen for respiration

Question 6

Name the type of response that allows conformers to tolerate variation in the environmental temperature

Answer 6

Behavioural

Question 7

Explain how the design of the calorimeter allowed metabolic rate to be determined

Answer 7

Probes measure the temperature of the water, metabolic rate can be measured by heat lost

Question 8

State why artificial chromosomes rather than a plasmid may be used in recombinant DNA technology

Answer 8

To transfer larger sequences of DNA

Question 9

Name an environmental factor which could increase the yield of lettuce, explain how this would effect carbon fixation

Answer 9

Temperature, increased or optimum enzyme activity

Question 10

Sate 2 components of species diversity

Answer 10

Species richness and proportion of each species

Question 11

Name the 3 components of biodiversity

Answer 11

Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity

Question 12

Explain how the bottleneck effect may lead to the extinction of certain species

Answer 12

There is a reduced population, inbreeding can result in poor reproductive rates, can’t adapt in response to environmental changes

Question 13

Sate the term used to describe these tunnels

Answer 13

Habitat corridors

Question 14

Explain how these tunnels may result in an increased biodiversity

Answer 14

Allows movement between fragments increasing access to food

Question 15

Use your knowledge of natural selection to explain how the use of antibiotics has led to the evolution of MRSA

Answer 15

MRSA resistant bacteria survive, pass on resistant alleles to the next generation

Question 16

Describe how unspecialised meristem differentiate into specialised cells

Answer 16

Certain genes are switched on

Question 17

Explain how the presence of a geographical barrier could lead to the evolution of 2 new species

Answer 17

Prevents gene flow between sub-populations, 2 different mutations occur in the sub-populations, natural selection occurs

Question 18

Suggest how a species of algae living under floating surface plants are still able to photosynthesise

Answer 18

They have carotenoids, they absorb light not absorbed by the surface plants

Question 19

Explain why F1 hybrids are not usually bred together in plant breeding programs

Answer 19

F2 has to much variation

Question 20

Explain why this behaviour can be described as kin selection and sate an advantage of bees raising the young

Answer 20

They are related, increased survival of shared genes

Question 21

State which component of biodiversity was increased by releasing breeding pairs and explain your answer

Answer 21

Genetic diversity, different alleles introduced

Question 22

What end of the strand do primers bind to

Answer 22

3 prime

Question 23

Exact location of the election transport chain

Answer 23

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 24

Describe the role of electrons in the electron transport chain and how this leads to the production of ATP

Answer 24

Movement of electrons releases energy to move hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane, the flow of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase generates ATP

Question 25

Name a complex molecule

Answer 25

Fatty acids

Question 26

Describe feedback inhibition

Answer 26

Occurs when the end-product reaches a critical concentration and then inhibits and enzyme earlier in the pathway

Question 27

One advantage of using feedback inhibition

Answer 27

Saves energy

Question 28

Describe the role of carotenoids

Answer 28

Absorbs wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll and passes energy on to chlorophyll

Question 29

Explain why dandelions could be incorrectly identified as annual weeds

Answer 29

High seed output

Question 30

Explain why behaviour, which altruistic is more common in related animals

Answer 30

It’s kin selection

Question 31

Name a type of behaviour that is often shown by dominant members of a society

Answer 31

Ritualistic

Question 32

Give an advantage of being in a social hierarchy

Answer 32

Reduces conflict

Question 33

Intensive farming chicken showed abnormally low levels of activity name this behaviour

Answer 33

Apathy

Question 34

Advantage of intensive farming

Answer 34

Low costs

Question 35

Explain why biodiversity in isolated fragments decreases as the side of the fragments gets smaller

Answer 35

Increased competition for food, genetic diversity decreases

Question 36

Explain why primers are necessary for DNA replication

Answer 36

To give DNA polymerase a start point for DNA replication

Question 37

Explain why only the leading strand can be replicated continuously

Answer 37

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3 prime end of the primers

Question 38

Suggest how a change in the sequence of bases in DNA transcribed to rRNA in the mutated cultures results in a decrease in protein synthesis

Answer 38

Change in the sequence may change the structure of the ribosome, mRNA can’t join to the ribosome

Question 39

Explain the importance of duplication mutations in evolution

Answer 39

Beneficial mutations can occur, in one of the copies of the DNA, the others gene can still be expressed to produce its protein

Question 40

Give one example of the type of data required to generate a molecular clock

Answer 40

DNA sequence data

Question 41

Give one role of the non-coding DNA in the genome

Answer 41

To be transcribed to rRNA

Question 42

State the exact location of glycolysis

Answer 42

Cytoplasm

Question 43

Describe the role of dehydrogenase enzymes in the conversion of intermediates to pyruvate

Answer 43

Removed electrons and hydrogen ions and transports them to the electron transport chain, turns NAD to NADH

Question 44

Suggest a measurement that could have been taken to show wether the hamster had entered torpor

Answer 44

Heart rate

Question 45

Name the method of control that involves using both insecticides and wheel bugs

Answer 45

Integrated pest management

Question 46

Give one reason why invasive species are more successful in their new habitat

Answer 46

Free form predators that were found in their original habitat

Question 47

Explain why ticks are vectors

Answer 47

Transfer bacteria to humans

Question 48

Explain why ticks are parasites

Answer 48

Take blood form humans who are harmed in the process

Question 49

Explain why giving alarm calls can be described and altruistic behaviour

Answer 49

Warns others, helps others escape

Question 50

One benefit of primates forming alliances

Answer 50

Increases position in social hierarchy

Question 51

One benefit of primates carrying out appeasement behaviours

Answer 51

Reduces conflict

Question 52

State one use plants make of the light energy absorbed by pigments during photosynthesis

Answer 52

Exited electrons

Question 53

Suggest a reason why breeding programs include crossbreeding

Answer 53

To get the best genes from both breeds

Question 54

Name the type of cross used to identify if the genotype of the desired characteristic Suffolk male of homozygous

Answer 54

Test cross

Question 55

Some mutations occur in the sequences which regulate the transcription of genes, suggest why this may lead to more lactase enzyme being produced

Answer 55

Gene is permanently switched on

Question 56

State the term which describes this change in gene frequency why a small population of individuals break away from a larger population

Answer 56

Genetic drift

Question 57

Strand A is the lagging strand use information from the diagram to support this

Answer 57

It has 2 primers

Question 58

Suggest why exposure to UV light may result in yeast cells that can survive in high concentrations of ethanol.

Answer 58

Causes mutations

Question 59

Name this process H2O —> H+ +O2

Answer 59

Photolysis

Question 60

One benefits one is harmed; name this type of symbiosis

Answer 60

Parasitism

Question 61

Explain how the arrangement of a full circulatory system supports a birds high metabolic rate

Answer 61

Prevents oxygenated blood form mixing with deoxygenated blood, so efficient oxygen delivery to cells

Question 62

Other than outcompeting them for resources, give a reason why invasive species have a negative impact on native species.

Answer 62

Prey on native species

Question 63

Describe the process that produces mature mRNA from primary mRNA

Answer 63

Cuts at the splice site, introns are removed and exons are joined together

Question 64

(thr)—(val)—(pro) name the bond

Answer 64

Peptide bond

Question 65

Name the coenzyme that carries hydrogen to the electron transport chain

Answer 65

NAD

Question 66

Explain why shredding the cabbage in step one increases the rate of production of the sauerkraut

Answer 66

Increases the surface area for bacters

Question 67

Suggest a reason why bacteria produce EPO protein which is inactive

Answer 67

The protein is folded incorrectly

Question 68

Explain how recombinant DNA technology could be used to produce an active form of the EPO gene

Answer 68

Out put modified plasmid into yeast

Question 69

Explain the importance of producing glucose and RuBP

Answer 69

For respiration, to allow the cycle to occur

Question 70

After a stem cell differentiates, only certain genes are expressed. Explain how this results in different cell types

Answer 70

Different proteins will be produced

Question 71

Describe the process of horizontal gene transfer

Answer 71

DNA is passed to bacteria in the same generation

Question 72

Explain why cells need to carry out DNA replication

Answer 72

So that and exact copy of the DNA is passed to the next generation

Question 73

Name the process for which yeast cells need the amino acid lysine

Answer 73

Gene expression

Question 74

What happens in the log phase

Answer 74

Enzymes are induced

Question 75

Describe a safety mechanism to prevent the survival of genetically modified microorganisms in the external environment

Answer 75

Introduce genes

Question 76

Specialised cells have many mitochondria, explain why this is necessary.

Answer 76

Site of aerobic respiration, which produces ATP for active transport.

Question 77

Explain the effect of absorbed light on the pigment molecules

Answer 77

Excites electrons

Question 78

State an advantage of using this type of control rather then using chemicals

Answer 78

Chemicals kill other species