Things I need to work on!!!! Flashcards
Do epidemolgicsts always take time into consideration when describing the frequency of disease?
YES, this always happens. Even when measuring EGO and CGO in prevalence measures!!!!!! This means EGO and CGO have units.
Why is the term dis-ease used instead of disease?
Because epidemiology is about all health related outcomes not just disease. An example would be stress, sleep deprivation, or depression.
What is reverse causality when does it occur the most?
Reverse causality is when you mistaken whether A causes B or if B causes A. This most occurs in cross-sectional studies because when you measuring the exposure and outcome at the same time, you don’t actually know which came first.
Define the terms observational study and experimental study.
Observational study is when you when you observe the study and don’t intervene. Examples would be ecological, cohort and cross-sectional. Experimental studies are studies where do you intervene like RCTs, or ecological.
What does a 95% response rate mean?
.A 95% response rate is typically considered excellent, as it means that the vast majority of eligible people who were invited to participate agreed to do so.
What are the main points of randomly allocation in RCTs?
In a well-conducted randomized controlled trial (RCT), participants are randomly assigned to either the exposure (brisk walking) or comparison (slow walking) group. The random allocation ensures that the two groups are similar at the start of the study in terms of various factors, such as age, health status, and lifestyle, which helps minimize bias and confounding.
What does epidemiologists count the number of people in the
population and then divide that by the number of cases of dis-ease in the population mean and how can we fix that?
It means population/ cases but we want to fix the wording and say count the number of cases and divid that by the entire population.
In order for randomisation of RCTs to be successful, what is needed to be done?
Random allocation of people into EG and CG, which reduces confusing because they have similar health factors. The difference NUMBERS in EG and CG does not matter!!!
What helps reduce maintenance error in RCTs?
Maintenance error because Blinding prevents this by keeping both groups treated equally and ensuring that differences in outcomes are due to the intervention, not differences in how the groups were treated.
Main difference between measurement error (BOM) and allocation error?
(BOM) Measurement error is made due to errors in how the outcomes were measured and studied. Allocation error refers to how the people were allocated to EG and CG. To reduce measumrent error (BOM) you must either use objective measurements wherever possible or blind researchers and participants. This section
describes measurement errors related to the study Outcomes.
Does blinding participants reduce BOM if the outcome was objective?
NO, it doesnt because if the outcome was objective, it will not have a BOM error because it is factual. An example would be heart rate.
Does randomisation mean the whole population is represented?
No, it helps ensure that the study participants are similar in terms of health-related outcomes, reducing confounding. But it doesnt mean that the WHOLE population is presented.
Does blinding affect allocation error?
Blinding does not directly reduce allocation error because it happens AFTER allocation. Blinding only effect BOM.
How to calculate absolute inequality?
Absolute inequality = Infection rate of most deprived – Infection rate of least deprived
Education
Education is believed to be associated with our ability to respond to health promotion
messages
- Which ONE of the following statements BEST describes the characteristics of Stage 3 in the
demographic transition?
Mortality rates continue to decline and fertility rates begin to decline.
