Things to know for test

Question 1

How long ago did humans migrate out of Africa?

Answer 1

100,00 years ago

Question 2

How long ago did the transition from hunting & gathering to agriculture occur?

Answer 2

10,000 years ago

Question 3

True/False: The human population is more than 7 billion people

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Crude Birth Rate

Answer 4

The annual number of births per 1,000 persons

Question 5

Crude Death Rate

Answer 5

The annual number of deaths per 1,000 persons

Question 6

Why has the total fertility rate been decreasing?

Answer 6

Because people have been living longer

Question 7

Demographic Transition

Answer 7

Reduction in death rates and birth rates, usually due to economic development (LDC’s —> MDC’s)

Question 8

The J-shaped growth curve is associated with what two factors?

Answer 8

Human growth population & the industrial revolution

Question 9

Demography

Answer 9

The study of population characteristics

Question 10

What is the percentage of world land usage as far as cropland goes?

Answer 10

11%

Question 11

What is the percentage of world land usage as far as rangeland goes?

Answer 11

27%

Question 12

What is the percentage of world land usage as far as forest goes?

Answer 12

29%

Question 13

What is the percentage of world land usage for others?

Answer 13

33%

Question 14

Famines

Answer 14

Acute food shortage; drought, pests, politics

Question 15

Undernutrition

Answer 15

Chronic food shortage

Question 16

Malnutrition

Answer 16

Chronic food shortage; nutritional imbalance or deficiency

Question 17

Soil texture

Answer 17

The size of mineral particles

Question 18

Soil structure

Answer 18

The clumpyness of soil

Question 19

Adhesion

Answer 19

Water molecules that are attracted to different molecules (such as dirt)

Question 20

Cohesion

Answer 20

Water molecules attracted to other water molecules

Question 21

Infiltration Rate

Answer 21

Rate at which water enters a soil

Question 22

Percolation Rate/Permeability

Answer 22

Rate at which water moves through soil

Question 23

Runoff = ?

Answer 23

Erosion

Question 24

What is the first soil layer?

Answer 24

O horizon - surface litter

Question 25

What is the second soil layer?

Answer 25

A horizon - top soil (TRUE SOIL)

Question 26

What is the third soil layer?

Answer 26

E horizon - zone of leaching

Question 27

What is the fourth soil layer?

Answer 27

B horizon - subsoil

Question 28

What is the fifth soil layer?

Answer 28

C horizon - weathered parent material (such as bedrock)

Question 29

Is topsoil formation renewable?

Answer 29

No, it is nonrenewable

Question 30

What affects the rate in which soils form?

Answer 30

Parent material, location, erosive forces, exposure (to wind & water), etc

Question 31

True/False: In LDC's, it's often cheaper to farm new land rather than use pesticides & fertilizers (aka the Green Revolution)?

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Does sand or clay drain faster?

Answer 32

Sands, because they have macropores that have more space between the pores that water can more easily flow through

Question 33

Does sand or clay hold more water?

Answer 33

Clay does, considering the fact that clay has micropores that are much closer together and have less space in between, which prevents the flow of water to exit

Question 34

What are the 5 soil formation factors?

Answer 34

1) Parent material 2) Climate 3) Topography 4) Biological Activity 5) Time

Question 35

What are the 6 components of soil?

Answer 35

1. Sand & Gravel 2. Silts & Clays 3. Dead Organic Material 4. Soil Fauna & Flora 5. Air 6. Water

Question 36

T/F: Soils have gradient boundaries

Answer 36

True, they are linked to community types

Question 37

What are the 3 categories of food resources?

Answer 37

Grains/vegetables, meat & milk, fish

Question 38

Landscape

Answer 38

Collections of ecosystems

Question 39

National Park

Answer 39

Higher level & priority of protection, "hands off"

Question 40

National Forest

Answer 40

The preservation of timber (in managed ways)

Question 41

What does the shape of a triangle age-gender profile suggest?

Answer 41

That it suggests that populations are increasing

Question 42

What does the shape of a petal age-gender profile suggest?

Answer 42

That populations are stable/stabilizing

Question 43

What does the shape of a ice cream cone age-gender profile suggest?

Answer 43

That populations are decreasing

Question 44

T/F: A correlation has been found between the demise of civilizations & the loss of soil resources

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What is the CITES treaty?

Answer 45

An international agreement that helps protect endangered animals and plants from the threats of illegal exports/imports

Question 46

What are the 4 basic texture classes?

Answer 46

1) Loams (best for agriculture) 2) Sands (good for building sites) 3) Silts 4) Clays

Question 47

What did the Green Revolution consist of?

Answer 47

New crop hybrids, rotational cropping, fertilizers & pesticides, mechanization

Question 48

What are the vowels for the soil layers?

Answer 48

OAEBC

Question 49

What does parent material consist of? (5)

Answer 49

Bedrock, Alluvium, Loess, Volcanic Material & Glacial Till

Question 50

What are GMO's?

Answer 50

Genetically Modified Organisms, which is when you take a gene and with good traits to create your breeding stock

Question 51

What are some soil conservation techniques to help prevent water erosion?

Answer 51

Reduced tillage, contour farming, terracing, grassed waterways, siltation fences, phased development

Question 52

What are some soil conservation techniques to help prevent wind erosion?

Answer 52

Reduced tillage, strip cropping, windbreaks, cover crops, mulches, phased development

Question 53

Why should we use fertilizers? (3)

Answer 53

1. Produces high-yielding plant varieties 2. Creates crop production on marginal lands 3. Cycling of nutrients

Question 54

What was the blue revolution?

Answer 54

The discovery that the oceans held lots of food sources

Question 55

T/F: 11% of the Earth's land is farmable

Answer 55

True (this applies for croplands)

Question 56

What is restoration ecology?

Answer 56

To repair or reconstruct ecosystems damaged by humans/natural forces (constructed wetlands)

Question 57

What are some common characteristics of deserts?

Answer 57

Low niches, low populations, high environmental resistance, low precipitation levels, evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation, drastic temperature changes from day to night, very cold at night

Question 58

How many inches of annual precipitation do deserts give off?

Answer 58

Less than 10 inches

Question 59

T/F: Deserts can be easily be disturbed & can last generations

Answer 59

True

Question 60

How are grasslands characterized?

Answer 60

Areas that are too dry to farm and too dry for trees

Question 61

Grasslands have annual _____?

Answer 61

Precipitation

Question 62

Grasslands have what type of soils?

Answer 62

Rich soils

Question 63

Do grasslands have low, moderate or high biodiversity?

Answer 63

Moderate

Question 64

T/F: Grasslands are the most productive cropland

Answer 64

True, this is due to their rich soils

Question 65

Tundras have low amounts of liquid ______?

Answer 65

Precipitation

Question 66

Tundras are adapted to what?

Answer 66

Lack of sunlight + water, freezing temperatures & constant wind

Question 67

T/F: Tundras can be easily disturbed

Answer 67

True

Question 68

T/F: Tundras aren't slow to recover

Answer 68

False, they can be disturbed easily

Question 69

What is the difference between swamps, marshes & bogs?

Answer 69

Swamps contain trees, marshes do not, bogs have waterlogged soils

Question 70

Tropical rainforest characteristics

Answer 70

High precipitation, warm temperatures, high biodiversity, lots of niches, complex food webs