things to learn

Question 1

list the fractions in crude oil and uses

Answer 1

1. refinery gases - cooking fuel
2. gasoline - car fuel
3. naphtha - making plastics
4. kerosene - aircraft fuel
5. diesel - truck fuel
6. bitumen - roads

Question 2

list alkanes and their formula

Answer 2

methane CH4
ethane C2H6
propane C3H8
butane C4H10
pentane C5H12

Question 3

list alkenes and their formula

Answer 3

ethene C2H4
propene C3H6
butene C4H8
pentene C5H10

Question 4

metal carbonates + heat =

calcium carbonate =

Answer 4

= metal oxide + carbon dioxide

calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

Question 5

element + oxygen =

zinc + oxygen =

Answer 5

element oxide

zinc oxide

Question 6

what is reduction and oxidisation

Answer 6

Oxidation
Is
Loss of something 
Reduction 
Is
Gain of something

Question 7

acid + metal carbonate =

HCL + copper carbonate

Answer 7

salt + water + carbon dioxide

copper chloride + water + CO2

Question 8

metal + acid =

magnesium + HCL =

Answer 8

salt + hydrogen

magnesium chloride + hydrogen

Question 9

list the reactivity series

Answer 9

K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
(C)
Zn 
Fe
Sn 
Pb
(H)
Cu
Ag

Question 10

metal + water =

aluminium + water =

Answer 10

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

aluminium hydroxide + hydrogen

Question 11

metal + steam =

lithium + steam =

Answer 11

metal oxide + hydrogen

lithium oxide + hydrogen

Question 12

list the alkaline metals and their properties

Answer 12

Lithium (Li)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Rubidium (Rb)
Caesium (Cs)
Francium (Fr)

• low melting points
• soft (easy to cut)
• low density (float)

Question 13

metal oxide + carbon =

lead oxide + carbon =

Answer 13

metal + carbon dioxide

lead + carbon dioxide

Question 14

list the halogens

Answer 14

Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Chlorine 
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine

Question 15

moles equations

Answer 15

moles = mass / RAM

moles = volume(dm3) / 24

moles of e- = charge / 96500

Question 16

combustion of alkanes

eg. C3H8 + 5 O2 =

Answer 16

4 H2O + 3 CO2

steam

Question 17

incomplete combustion of alkanes

eg. C2H6 + O2 =

Answer 17

3 H2O + CO

steam

Question 18

what is the formula of ethanol

Answer 18

C2H5OH

Question 19

how do you make ethanol using fermentation

Answer 19

fermentation -

C6H12O6 = 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

• 30 °C
• 1 atm.
• slow
• releases CO2
• low energy input -> cheap
• renewable (sugar cane)

Question 20

how do you make ethanol using hydration

Answer 20

hydration of ethene -

C2H4 + H2O = C2H5OH

• phosphoric acid
• 300 °C
• 65 atm.
• pure ethanol
• fast
• high energy input -> expensive
• non renewable (ethene from crude oil)

Question 21

define the homologous series

Answer 21

a series of compounds that share the same general formula, same chemical properties, and same trends and physical properties.

Question 22

what colour does red litmus paper go

Answer 22

acid - red
neutral - red
alkali - blue

Question 23

what colour does blue litmus paper go

Answer 23

acid - red
neutral - blue
alkali - blue

Question 24

what colour does phenolphthalein go

Answer 24

acid - colourless
neutral - colourless
alkali - bright pink

Question 25

what colour does methyl orange go

Answer 25

acid - red neutral - yellow alkali - yellow

Question 26

what is the equation for hydroxide in electrolysis

Answer 26

4 OH- = 2 H2O + O2 + 4 e-

Question 27

what is a really common catalyst

Answer 27

magnese(II) oxide

Question 28

what are the enthalpy calculations

Answer 28

ΔE = mcΔt ΔE = mass of water x heat capacity of water x change in temperature ΔH = -ΔE / moles

Question 29

blast furnace components

Answer 29

* haematite (FeO2) * coke (C) * limestone (CaCO3) * air (O2)

Question 30

What is the test for carbonate and then sulphate?

Answer 30

1. Add dilute HCl bubble through limewater —> cloudy 2. Add BaCl2 —> white precipitate

Question 31

What are the tests for halides?

Answer 31

Add dilute HNO3 and then AgNO3 Colour change —> white (AgCl) cream (AgBr) yellow (AgI)

Question 32

What is the test for the presence of water?

Answer 32

1. Add colbalt chloride paper blue —> pink 2. Add copper sulphate white —> blue

Question 33

What is the test for the purity of water?

Answer 33

- melting point is 0°C | - boiling point is 100°C

Question 34

What is the test for chlorine?

Answer 34

Add damp blue litmus paper | blue —> white (bleaches)

Question 35

What is the test for ammonia?

Answer 35

Add damp red litmus paper | red —> blue

Question 36

What is the test for ammonium?

Answer 36

Add NaOH | Test for ammonia

Question 37

How do you test for irons and copper?

Answer 37

Add NaOH Colour change —> green (iron II hydroxide) brown (iron III hydroxide) blue (copper hydroxide)

Question 38

What are the flame tests?

Answer 38

Dip nichrome wire into sample and place in fire If flame colour —> red (Li +) / (Sr 2+) yellow (Na +) lilac (K +) brick red (Ca 2+) green (Ba 2+)