Things to memorize

Question 1

Are nonpolar molecules water soluble, fat soluble, or neither?

Answer 1

Nonpolar molecules are fat soluble

Question 2

What is the difference between the kinetic product and the thermodynamic product?

Answer 2

The formation of the kinetic product has a lower activation energy. The thermodynamic product is more stable, but has a higher activation energy.

Question 3

IR spectrum peak for alcohol

Answer 3

broad peak near 3000

Question 4

IR spectrum peak for amine

Answer 4

narrow peak just above 3000

Question 5

IR spectrum peak for alkane

Answer 5

narrow peak just below 3000

Question 6

IR spectrum for ketones and acids

Answer 6

narrow peak at 1750

Question 7

IR spectrum for triple bonds

Answer 7

peak at 2200

Question 8

13C NMR spectrum for sp3 C

Answer 8

10-30 ppm

Question 9

13C NMR spectrum for sp3 C with N or O group

Answer 9

50-70 ppm

Question 10

13C NMR spectrum for sp C

Answer 10

75-90 ppm

Question 11

13C NMR spectrum for sp2 C

Answer 11

100-500 ppm

Question 12

13C NMR spectrum for ester or amide C=O

Answer 12

160-180 ppm

Question 13

13C NMR spectrum for aldehyde or ketone C=O

Answer 13

190-200 ppm

Question 14

Proton NMR spectrum for H on sp3 C

Answer 14

1 ppm

Question 15

Proton NMR spectrum for H on C attached to pi bond

Answer 15

2 ppm

Question 16

Proton NMR spectrum for H on C attached to O

Answer 16

3-4 ppm

Question 17

Proton NMR spectrum for H on sp2 C

Answer 17

5-6 ppm

Question 18

Proton NMR spectrum for H on aromatic C

Answer 18

7-8 ppm

Question 19

Proton NMR spectrum for H on aldehyde C

Answer 19

10 ppm

Question 20

Proton NMR spectrum for H on carboxylic acid

Answer 20

11-12 ppm

Question 21

What happens during a Grignard synthesis reaction?

Answer 21

The Grignard reagent is prepared by combining R-Br with Mg in ether to make R-MgBr. This reagent then can undergo a nucleophilic attack on a carbonyl carbon. The oxygen is then protonated to form an alcohol with the R group attached to the same carbon as the OH group.

Question 22

What kinds of substrates are ideal for SN1 reactions?

Answer 22

tertiary>secondary

Question 23

What kinds of substrates are ideal for SN2 reactions?

Answer 23

MeX>Primary>Secondary

Question 24

Which type of substitution reaction would most likely occur if an excellent leaving group is present?

Answer 24

SN1 reactions require excellent leaving groups

Question 25

What kind of nucleophile is required for an SN2 reaction?

Answer 25

A strong unhindered nucleophile

Question 26

What is the difference between bases involved in E1 and E2 reactions?

Answer 26

E1 reactions occur in the presence of weak bases whereas E2 reactions require a strong base.

Question 27

List the taxonomic groups in order from largest to smallest.

Answer 27

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 28

Describe the process of bacterial conjugation

Answer 28

Genetic material can be transferred between bacterial cells via F-plasmids. Transfer occurs from F+ to F- cells.

Question 29

Describe the process of bacterial transformation.

Answer 29

Nucleic acid is transferred into bacteria from the environment (exogenous DNA)

Question 30

Which is more polar: C-OH or C=O?

Answer 30

C-OH is more polar because the carbonyl double bond removes some of the electron density from the oxygen atom.

Question 31

Is DNA hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

Answer 31

DNA is hydrophillic, which is why it cannot pass through the lipid membrane