Third Council of Constantinople

Question 1

Third Council of Constantinople

Answer 1

: The church’s sixth general council

Question 2

Pepin’s Donation

Answer 2

, gave part of Italy (the “papal states”) to the
pope.

Question 3

Second Council of Nicaea

Answer 3

The church’s seventh and last general counci

Question 4

Overseer of the Roman Church

Answer 4

Eastern Christians

Question 5

Investiture Dispute

Answer 5

Emperor Henry IV claimed the right to invest bishops with
their authority

Question 6

Clotilde

Answer 6

: Frankish queen

Question 7

Charles Martel

Answer 7

Frankish battle-chief.

Question 8

Alcuin of York

Answer 8

: Monk. Major contributor, with Theodulf of Orleans,

Question 9

Godfrey of Bouillon

Answer 9

First king of Crusaders’ Latin (Roman) Kingdom

Question 10

Pope Innocent III

Answer 10

One of the most powerful bishops of Rome.

Question 11

From the Greek monothelos (“One-Will”).

Answer 11

. Monotheletism

Question 12

Constantine gave
the pope power over all other bishops, as well as large portions of Italy.

Answer 12

The Donation of Constantine

Question 13

The title which, in theory, made someone the heir of the ancient Roman
emperors and the ruler of the Western Empire. I

Answer 13

. Holy Roman Emperor

Question 14

Heretical sect, named after Albi,

Answer 14

Albigensians

Question 15

belief that the Lord’s Supper elements
become Jesus’ body and blood

Answer 15

Transubstantiation

Question 16

Nestorian monks took the gospel into India, Turkestan, China,
Persia, and Syria.

Answer 16

Spread of Nestorianism

Question 17

Nearly 20,000 children gathered around a shepherd-boy named Stephen to
conquer the Holy Land.

Answer 17

Children’s Crusade

Question 18

Eastern Christians rejected the union.

Answer 18

Second Council of Lyons

Question 19

Marco Polo’s father met Kublai Khan in 1266.

Answer 19

Kublai Khan’s Request

Question 20

First English Christian poet

Answer 20

Caedmon

Question 21

Wrote a history of English Christianity.

Answer 21

Bede the Venerable

Question 22

The Apostle of the North

Answer 22

Anskar

Question 22

English king

Answer 22

Alfred the Great

Question 23

Succeeded Berno as the abbot (leading monk) of Cluny monastery.

Answer 23

Odo

Question 23

Professor of theology

Answer 23

Peter Abelard

Question 24

Powerful abbot of Clairvaux monastery

Answer 24

Bernard of Clairvaux

Question 25

Franciscan theologian.

Answer 25

Bonaventure

Question 26

“Angelic Doctor” of Roman Catholic Church

Answer 26

Thomas Aquinas

Question 27

“White Monks”

Answer 27

Cistercians

Question 28

Group of lay-preachers. Also known as the “Vaudois.

Answer 28

Waldensians

Question 29

“Order of Friars, Minor

Answer 29

Franciscans

Question 30

Black Friars”

Answer 30

Dominicans

Question 31

Pope Clement V convened this council to disband the order of crusader monks known as the Knights Templar

Answer 31

Council of Vienne

Question 32

Pope John XXIII summoned this council to end the Great Schism and to reform the Catholic Church

Answer 32

Council of Constance

Question 33

This council technically reunited Catholic and Orthodox Churches.

Answer 33

Council of Florence

Question 34

Dominican monk and mystic

Answer 34

Meister Eckhart

Question 35

Wrote that the church derives its power from the state and that church councils are superior to the pope.

Answer 35

Marsilius

Question 36

Czech priest and reformer

Answer 36

Jan Hus

Question 37

Famous English nun and mystic.

Answer 37

Julian of Norwich

Question 38

Italian humanist.

Answer 38

Valla

Question 39

Dominican preacher.

Answer 39

Girolamo Savonarola

Question 40

The belief that a church council has authority over all church members, including the pope. The Councils of Constance and Pisa were triumphs for conciliarism.

Answer 40

. Conciliarism

Question 41

Muslim empire, founded by the fourteenth-century warrior, Othman. The Ottoman “Turks” eventually ruled the area now known as Turkey. In 1453, they conquered Constantinople, the Eastern Empire's last stronghold. The Eastern scholars who fled to Europe from Constantinople helped to trigger the Renaissance.

Answer 41

Ottoman Empire

Question 42

The Renaissance was a fifteenth-century revival of interest in ancient languages and in the humanities. Renaissance writers were called “humanists” because they focused on practical human actions instead of Scholastic logic.

Answer 42

Renaissance Humanism

Question 43

This tribunal—formed in 1479 by King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella—tortured, burned, and exiled thousands of Jews, Muslims, and heretics. Contemporary Roman Catholics have condemned the Inquisitors' methods.

Answer 43

Spanish Inquisition

Question 44

In 1448, Russian Orthodox Christians protested the Council of Florence by electing their own patriarch. After the Muslim Ottomans conquered Constantinople, Russians claimed that Moscow was the center of Orthodoxy.

Answer 44

Moscow Claimed As Center of Orthodoxy

Question 45

Reinterpreted the Council of Pisa's conciliar decrees. (If you can't define “conciliar” or “conciliarism,” glance back at Chapter Seven.)

Answer 45

Fifth Lateran Council

Question 46

Martin Luther, a Roman Catholic monk, protested the sale of indulgences by publishing 95 topics for debate.

Answer 46

Luther's 95 Theses

Question 46

Several million Ukrainian Orthodox Christians entered into communion with the Roman Catholic Church. These Christians became known as Uniats.

Answer 46

Union of Brest-Litovsk

Question 47

Scholars from Douay College in England translated the Vulgate into English. The New Testament was published in Rheims, Germany. The Rheims-Douay was the standard Bible for English-speaking Roman Catholics for more than 300 years.

Answer 47

Rheims-Douay Bible Completed

Question 48

Anabaptist writer. He and his wife were killed for their faith.

Answer 48

Balthasar Hubmaier

Question 49

First reformer to support laypeople's participation in church government. Defended Zwingli's view of the Lord's Supper at the Marburg Colloquy.

Answer 49

Oecolampadius

Question 50

English Bible translator. His Bible formed the basis for the King James Version.

Answer 50

William Tyndale

Question 51

First reformer to observe communion in the people's language. Debated Eck at Leipzig.

Answer 51

Carlstadt

Question 52

Catholic theologian. Publicly criticized Luther's theology.

Answer 52

Johann Maier Eck

Question 53

German reformer. Emphasized justification by grace through faith.

Answer 53

Martin Luther

Question 54

German reformer. Tried to find a middle ground between Luther's and Zwingli's teachings about the Lord's Supper.

Answer 54

Martin Bucer

Question 55

Systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation.

Answer 55

John Calvin

Question 56

Swiss reformer. Author of the Second Helvetic Confession, an important Calvinist statement of faith. Influenced the final form of the Heidelberg Catechism.

Answer 56

Heinrich Bullinger

Question 56

Protestant churches, such as the Presbyterians, that were strongly influenced by Calvin and Knox.

Answer 56

Reformed Churches

Question 56

Succeeded Calvin as leader of the Genevan church.

Answer 56

Theodore Beza

Question 56

Latin for “grace alone, faith alone, Scripture alone.” These words sum up the Protestant belief that justification is received by grace alone through faith alone and that the Bible should be the church's only authority.

Answer 56

Sola gratia, sola fide, sola scriptura

Question 57

: Luther's belief that, after the prayer of consecration during communion, the body and blood of Christ coexist with the Lord's Supper elements.

Answer 57

Consubstantiation

Question 58

Reformed statement of faith, compiled in 1562. Widely used by Protestants for centuries.

Answer 58

Heidelberg Catechism

Question 59

Christians in traditionally Orthodox areas who united with the Roman Catholic Church under the terms of the Union of Brest-Litovsk.

Answer 59

Uniats