Third Exam Topics

Question 0

As prey species evolves ways to avoid being caught, predator evolves ore effective ways to capture prey
Function to preserve “smarter” more evasive prey
Produce “smarter” more skilled prey

Answer 0

Coevolution

Question 1

Competitive interaction

Species precludes establishment of another

Answer 1

Preemption

Question 2

Natural selection favors “efficient” foragers to maximize energy for nutrient uptake per unit effort
What us good to eat
How long to search before there is no payoff
Search tactic

Answer 2

Optimal foraging theory

Question 3

Examples include worm eating warblers and ovenbirds

Answer 3

Interior species

Question 4

How can species coexist?

Answer 4

Limited by different resources
Limited by non unusable resources
Spatial and temporal variation in resources
Competition for multiple resources
Resources partitioning (character displacement)

Question 5

Niche 1927
Emphasized species role in environment
What it does and relationship to food

Answer 5

Charles Elton

Question 6

All time allocated to feeding is spent searching

Examples include passive predators such as spiders and filter feeders

Answer 6

Type I

Question 7

What are three types of landscape?

Answer 7

Patchy
Mosaic
Dynamic

Question 8

Immigration into high density

Numerical response

Answer 8

Aggregation response

Question 9

Subject to successional change over time

Most fall in this category

Answer 9

Induced habitat edge

Question 10

Name the six prey defenses

Answer 10

Mimickery
Chemical
Aposomatic
Broken wing display
Armour
Group travel

Question 11

Competitive interaction

One species inhibits another by taking resources

Answer 11

Consumption

Question 12

Niche 1914
A species’ “place” in environment
Set of environmental conditions that meet a species life history requirements

Answer 12

Joseph Grinnel

Question 13

What goes of species like edges?

Answer 13

Shade intolerant plants
Foraging birds
Examples included ruffed grouss and indigo bunting

Question 14

Blend elements from adjacent patches to create unique habitats
Results from length, width, height, degree of contrast

Answer 14

Edge effects

Question 15

Niche 1971

Distinction between an organism’s address (habitat) and it’s profession (niche)

Answer 15

Gene Odum

Question 16

Niche 1957

N dimensional hypervolume

Answer 16

G. Evelyn Hutchinson

Question 17

What are the two parts of n dimensional hypervolume?

Answer 17

Fundamental niche (potential)
Realized niche (actual)

Question 18

Large habitat patch and breaks into smaller pieces

Sometimes associated with habitat loss

Answer 18

Fragmented

Question 19

What are the requirements for a type three.

Answer 19

Availability of cover for prey
Search image
Prey switching

Question 20

List predation tactics

Answer 20

Ambush
Stalking
Persuit hunting
Camouflage
Mimicry
Chemicals

Question 21

Predicts time an individual should stay in patch before seeking another

Answer 21

Marginal value theorem

Question 22

What influences a species’ length of stay?

Answer 22

Density
Travel time
Time required to extract resource

Question 23

1970-1972
Individuals assess habitat quality
Individuals are free to make choice to select high quality patches

Answer 23

Fretarel and Lucas

Question 24

Competitive interaction | Chemical growth inhibitors released to kill or inhibit other species

Answer 24

Chemical interaction

Question 25

1930s Principles of competitive exclusion Bacteria grown together and separate

Answer 25

Gause

Question 26

Competition models | Interspecific competition

Answer 26

Lotka-volterra

Question 27

1981 Can coexist if limited by different resources Silicate reduced by synedra to point where asterionella dies out Cyclotella can use low silicon, limited by phosphorous Asterionella can use low phosphorous, limited by silicon

Answer 27

Tilman

Question 28

Edges that are stable and permanent

Answer 28

Inherent habitat edge

Question 29

Competitive interaction No territorial meetings between individuals negatively affecting one or both participant species Scavengers and carcasses

Answer 29

Encounter

Question 30

Competitive interaction Individual grows over another and inhibits access to resources With or without physical contact Taller plants shading shorter plants

Answer 30

Overgrowth

Question 31

Adjust search time for effort spent handling prey Most common predators Example weasels

Answer 31

Type II

Question 32

Low energy | Low success

Answer 32

Ambush hunting

Question 33

Ts longer | Quick persuit time

Answer 33

Stalking

Question 34

Ts minimal | Longer time to catch prey

Answer 34

Persuit hunting

Question 35

Competitive interaction | Behavioral exclusion from space defended as territory

Answer 35

Territorial

Question 36

Name two edge species

Answer 36

Greg catbird | American robin

Question 37

What do patches result from?

Answer 37

``` Geology Topography Soils Climate / microclimate Fine Grazing Historical land surveys Human activity ```