Thomas-part1 Flashcards
(36 cards)
Cognition and computers . Cog background
Need perception to see things like cameras. Attention to fixate on tasks, learning, machine learning and AI all seen in computers. Ideologies as cog great at showing how we think about society but occurs in emotional context, theories often ignore when looking e.g. memory. Cognitive occurs in bio contexts, diff evolution, desires, survival but unonc biases.
Emotion and motivation - part of bio systems
Some are strong and overwhelming but dare, central to who we are and what we do. More subtle are everyday. Have moral emotions like contempt, anger, disgust, shame to regulate social behaviour and status e.g. when someone violates a social norm. Can be strong or not. Linked to politics and current events e.g. drug use, homeless, polarising politicians have strong views on these
Why we have emotions
Guide our lives, we learn from them, give meaning to life. Linked to mental health. Chronic - can lead to life feeling miserable and not worth living. Help us monitor our state and adjust. Happy is goals being achieved so carry on, sad need to change plan. Anxious is looking for threat, angry is resources or norms threatened so punish, disgust is stop eating off foods or moral. Sympathy to help someone else . Dogs/animals share some but optimism for future comes w advanced cog process
Defining emotions
3 parts: cog component w self task e.g. I’m so angry. Overthinking expression of internal state like facial expression, body. Physiological expereince like hr, sweating, endorphins, serotonin. Reflect the diff thrones as ppl argue what order they come in, can happen at once
Overt expression
Ekman: can be defined as what we see in others facial expressions. Universal and seen in New Guinea. The 6 basic emotions. Also bc blind athletes made same facial expression as normal. Can guess facial expressions from body language only. Ppl think woman is showing more sad and men more angry when they’re the same- gender stereotypes. Needed for social interactions, evolution to approach/avoid strangers, attracting partners
Physiological components
Autonomic NS arousal, fight or flight. Hr, breathing, blood pressure, pupils dilate, sweat, adrenaline. Polygraph measures ANS response to lying as most find lying stressful. Galvanic skin response for sweat, skin conductance response for electrical
James lange theory
Embodied account- feedback from body. Have stimulus first, then ANS which creates actions and then the expereince of emotion. Evidence: strack: ps hold pen in teeth-makes smile or mouth-makes frown. Those smiling found jokes funnier, body influences emotion. Wood 2016: ps w face mask shown photos of diff facial expressions and subtle, asked to name. Ps had trouble id faces but not non face stim. Bc we mimic people’s expressions for empathy. Botox stops frowning, reduces depression as think must be happier. Beta blockers supress ANS so feel less fear. But ans ambiguous e.g. happy or scared or excited
Cannon bard theory
Emotions independent of body states, auto responses can be ambig and slower than emotion, argue expereince of emotion first triggers ans. have stim, then emotion, then ans. females on scary or non scary bridge asked ps to fill out questionnaire, then gave number. Males on scary more likely to call as have arousal and interpret as attraction- duton and aaron 74
Combination
Both theories can work together as see stim but awareness of environemnt as well as ans mean you interpret of fear, e.g. in the sea and see shark, mesmerised at first but when left, felt fear
Amygdala
Connected to hippo, depp in brain so primal, fight or flight. Receives visual info from thalamus, encoding of stim but often subconc-faster than conc processing. If active during encoding have a stronger memory . Some stim process via thalamus, the amygdala and have immediate response (James lang as prioir to awareness)but stim doesn’t always activate, more slow and conc to visual cortex (cannon bard) e.g. bear but far away, maybe or maybe not amygdala.- context. Lesions in monkeys mean kluver bucy blutningnof emtoions to scare stim. In humans impair id of fear in others, anger and distrust
Anterioir cingulate
To the front, middle, cc and amygdala. Has processing of pain, can be mental like empathy (when others in pain). Used in detecting errors, anger and frustration to learn for next time. Pain can override cognition, adaptive to stop your goals to attend
Insula
Central. Disgust processing, avoiding dangerous foods, disgust towards some people. Empathy as activates when others disgusted, children learn to avoid the objects of others disgust. Also body sensations like itchy, sad, happy. Ps w huntingtons have deteriorations of insula, struggle to identify disgust, correlated w insula damage
Orbitofrontal cortex
Above eyes. Has motivational value of rewards, can change over time e.g. if you eat chocolate until feel sick. Also regret, make a choice and less than hoped. Alcohol inhibits so impaired decision making and keep drinking
Ventral striatum and dopamine
Linked with pleasure and reward, part of dopamine network. Sex, drugs and rock and roll, also the anticipation of things. Can be studying and learning, dopamine used for motivation. Emotional parts of brain linked to motor and cog netwroks in perception, attention and learning
Diff between default implications and contextual implications model
DI: link between perception and eval is fixed, cued based on past knowledge, they are fixed e.gl smile always good. Assimilation is the norm, no contrast effect, suppression effortful, top down. Efficient as act if go wrong but errors costly, only coarse info. CI: flexible link, cues based on context, inferential and contextual. Assimilation, contrast effects and suppression equally likely, unconc. Accounts for uncertainty, more likely to be appropriate but effortful, harder under high load
Evidence for CI
Mimic facial expressions, funnier when tense cheeks and like when nod. Tamir 2004: smiling makes ppl more open to dissimilar preferences but frowning not so like more similar prefs. Higher pro social feelings when shaking head to addict as feel bad for situation and less for nodding but nodding more social towards con then shaking as sympathy for the person. With other proprioceptive cues like body. Took turns w computer and had subliminal smile or frown after yours or others turn. Smiling after self feel good but after op feel bad. Frown after op feel better but after self bad.
Attentional blink paradigm
Look at cross, shown diff stim one at a time in black, one white letter and asked to name, then asked if there was an x. X either right after or longer afterT1. When only asked to say white letter, good performance but when dual task: decrease in performance after 200ms and lasts for 400ms (couple 100 in total)
Emotive words in attentional blink
Have to name 2 green words and ignore black ,early or late lag between them. If t2 right after, get it wrong more but if t2 is emotional word, get it right- pref processing for emotional stim unconc. Ppl with amygdala damage show no diff between emotional and neutral
Moral feelings and attentional blink
Pref processing for emotional reason for why things go viral. Brady, gantman and van bavel- moral words like church, holy, emotional words like sad, afraid. Moral emotional like hate or shamed or neutral. For neutral had blink but for all experimental they were detected more. Then used t1 and t2 were blue hashtags at end of Twitter posts w neutral, moral or emotional, found experimental captured more attention. Found more moral words in political tweets means more likely to be shared . Things get shared bc they stand out
Capturing attention
If use emotional words in stroop, takes longer. Also for phobias e.g. people scared of snakes take longer to say colour when things like venom, hiss, fangs (auto measure instead of self report). When see faces and press button, ppl have pref for - emotions as quicker for sad and angry. Ppl quicker to id spider pic among flowers than flowers among spider, also anything that moves like mouse as evolutionary evolved to look out for scary things/threats, orient quickly
Sustaining attention
Posner cueing task: shown squares, then neutral or angry faces left or right which are either valid or invalid cues to black circle. Faster rt when cued, emotion didn’t make it quicker but stops disengaging as longer for invalid cue when angry face- checking if threatening?. Emotional stim at t1 causes larger blink as holds attention
Individual diffs
People have different emotional states and responses to things. Anxiety influences interpretation of ambig stim- words spoken and ppl interpret e.g. die or dye. Those w anxiety more likely to perceive - meaning e.g. die e.g. pain or window payne
Also sentences like the doctor examines emily’s growth- could be height or cancer
Mood manipulation
Can be changed by drugs, therapy or environemnt like fragrance. In vigilance test- maintaining attention over long periods to detect infrequent events e.g. air traffic controllers. Warm et al- peppermint for alerting, lily for relaxing or control as air. Sniffed every 30s for 40m- 2 lines, and to judge if moved further away. Pleasant fragrances imporved attention
Mood effects- disgust
When ppl cause impurity or degradation to self or others engaging in immoral behaviours, have increased insula, reduced social cog as less medial pfc linked to dehumanisation. Disgust can lead to moral amplification of wrongness feelings like abortion, gay marriage. Meta anal Andy and Goodwin find real but small-can shift attitude. Can induce disgust via odours or taste, lead to more amplification compared to images or Remembering disgust. Wisenski 2017: 1/4- foetus, animal rights, disgusting or control. Found images increased moral conviction on abortion
