Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

general path > THomboembolism Shock > Flashcards

THomboembolism Shock Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is a thrombus

A

an Intravascular clot that often impedes or prevents blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is thrombosis

A

Formation or preence of a thrombus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what may thrombosis result in

A

Infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the pathogenesis of Thrombosis

A

Endothelial Injury
Alteration in blood flow
Hypercoagulability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the enothelial reason for causing THrombosis

A
  • Loss of endothelial cell barrier
  • Increased prothrombotic activity caused by:
    • Hypertension
    • Homocystinuria
    • hypercholesterolemia
    • radition
    • cytokines
    • endotoxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what may alter blood flow to lead to thrombosis

A

Turbulence
Stasis
Aneurysms, Atherosclerotic plaques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does turbulence lead to thrombosis

A

Induces endothelial dysfunction and activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does Stasis lead to thrombosis

A

creates hypoxic environment
Stasis disrupts laminar flow cuasing platelts to move to the periphery of the vessel
- allows concentration of clotting factors
- activates endothelial cells
- the major factor in venous thrombi and intra-cardiac thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is hypercoagulability

A

the increased risk of coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the inherited conditions that may lead to hypercoagulability

A

Factor V leiden mutation
Porthrombin mutation
Deficiencies of anticoagulant proteins like AT III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does a Factor V leiden mutation lead to

A

a factor V that cannot be degraded by protein C leading to hypercoagulability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the acquired conditions that may lead to hypercoagulability

A

Prolonged bed rest
Extensive tissue damage such as burns or surgery
Cancer
antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (lupus anticogulant
pregnancy
others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where does Arterial thrombi occur at

A

at sites of turbulence of endothelial injury/loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does Arterial thrombi look like

A

has a pale (white appearance

distinct lines of zahn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

are arterial thrombi occlusal or mural

A

can be both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does an arterial thrombi lodging in smaller arteries lead to

A

Often leads to infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what aresterile thrombi on heart valves

A

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does a venous thrombi look like

A

have a dark maroon color(red)

indistinct lines of Zahn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where do venous thrombi form

A

In the deep veins of the legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why do venous thrombi tend to form

A

because of slow flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do Venous thrombi look like in the vein

A

Congealed jelly clot that is less organized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

waht does thrombi in the heart lead to

A

Alternating lines due to degeneration of RBC

- less capacity of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the problem with deep vein thrombi

A

can grow, propogate and cause problems

- especially if it gets to the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the possible fates of thrombi

A

Dissolution (resolution)
Propagation
Embolization
Organization/recanalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what causes Dissolution of thrombi
Lysis by fibrinolytic activity
26
what causes Propagation of thrombi
Enlarge by additional fibrin/platelet deposition
27
what is embolization of thrombi
entire thrombus dislodges or piece breaks loose
28
how does ORganization of thrombi occur
Ingrowth of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells | - leads to deposition of collagen (replacing fibrin) and recantilizaation
29
what is the result of organization of thrombi
May re-establish some flow through the thrombus
30
what is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- widespread activation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic system - leads to depletion of coagulation factors/platelets - leads to a lot of Fibrin split products - hemorrhage forms and can't now clot correctly
31
what are some of the conditions of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
``` Infection (gram negative) obstetric complication (placenetal abruption, retained dead fetus) neoplasm - cascade for coagulation Shock Massive injury ```
32
how does One treat Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
variable | - dependent upon management of underlying disorders
33
what is an embolism
A solid, liquid, or gas carried from one point to another point in the vascular system
34
what is often the origin of Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Embolism; Thrombi from deep veins of the legs (also pelvic veins, right heart chambers, amoung others)
35
what are the consequences of pulmonary thromboemboli
``` No clinical manifestations Pulmonary hemorrhage and hematemesis Pulmonary infarcation Suden death Gradual obstruction of many small pulmonary arteries ```
36
why would a pulmonary Thromboemboli have no clinical manifestation
Small emboli cause no ischeme due to the double blood supply to the lungs(bronchial and pulmonary arteries)
37
why would a pulmonary thromboemboli lead to a pulmonary hemorrhage and hematesmesis
Ischemic injury without infarcation
38
how would a pulmonary thrombooemboli lead to sudden death
Large emboli obstructing a large pulmonary artery | - straddling the bifurcation of the pulmonary arterial trunk
39
gradual obstruction of many small pulmonary arties causes what problem
Overtime can lead to pulmonary hypertension
40
what is a paradoxical embolus
An embolus that arises in a systemic vein and crosses a communication from the venous to arterial side of ciculation
41
where does Paradoxical embolus occure
usually through the heart via a patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, or another anomalous communication
42
what is the origin of systemic embolization
left atrium Left ventricle (heart valve vegetation) ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque
43
where can a systemic embolization travel
To any systemic artery
44
how may a fat emboli occure
Fracture of large long bone, soft tissue injury
45
what may cause of air emboli
Chest way injury
46
what can an air emboli cause
Decompression sickness due to bends and caisson disease
47
why would amniotic fluid cause an emboli
Rare, and often associated with DIC
48
what is Atherosclerotic amboli
Debris from the central core of an atherosclerotic plaque
49
what is an infarcation
An ischemic necrosis involving all cell types in a part of an organ or entire organ
50
why does an infarct occur
Most often due to arterial obstruction less often due to vessel twisting, venous obstruction or slow flow - also shock
51
what is infarcation a major contributor to the mortality of what disease
Cardiovascular disease
52
Types of Infarctions
Red | White
53
What type of INfarction is hemorrhagic
Red- Hemorrhage
54
what casues a Red infarction
Venous loose tissue (lung) Dual circulation or extenisve overlap of arterial supply (lung, small intestine) Previous congestion Infarcation followed by a reflow of blood to the area
55
where do White infarcts occur
With arterial occlusions in solid | - where tissue density limits blood seepage from adjacent vascular beds
56
what shape do infarcts tend to have
Wedge-shaped with the point of the wedge at the obstruction
57
when do histo changes of coagulation necrosis occur due to INfarcts
begin within several hours | peaks at 2-3 days
58
how does healing of infarcts occur
granulation tissue growth | , beginning at the infarct, followed by scar formation
59
what do infarcts in the brain lead to
liquefactive (non- coagulative) necrosis
60
how do Infarcts in the brain heal
formation of a cystic space
61
what can impact infarct development
Nauter of the vascular supply Rate of development of occlusion Vulnerability to hypoxia O2 capacity of blood
62
what is beteer to limit the influence of an infarct, dual or single artery supply
Dual
63
where is dual supply found
Lungs Liver(hepatic artery and portal vein flow) Forearm (radial and ulnar arteries)
64
how does Rate of development of the infarct affect the infarct
Slow occlusion allows time for opening of collateral vessels
65
what tissues are more/less vulnerable to hypoxia
``` More vulnerable (heart, brain) Less vulnerable (arm, leg) ```
66
why would the blood be less good at carrying Oxygen
Anemia Shock Lung diseases Congestive heart failure
67
what is Shock
Systemic hypoperfusion of tissue
68
what is Cardiogenic shock
The loss of pumping capacity of the heart
69
what is Hypovolemic shock
Blood loss
70
what is septic shock
BActerial infection
71
what is anaphylactic shock
Hypersensitivity reaction
72
what mediates Anaphylactic shock
IgE
73
what is neurogenic shock
Loss of vascular tone
74
what may cause Neurogenic shock
Anesthesia | Spinal cord injury
75
what is the numnber 1 cause of death in the ICU
septic shock -20% mortality with 750,000 death annually
76
what kinds of bacteria cause septic shock
Gram-positive or gram-negatiec bacteria associated with PMPS
77
what do PAMPS bind to
Bind to toll-like receptors (monocytes and neutrophils) with release of IL-1, TNF - secondary release of IL-1 and TNF
78
what happens if you have too much PAMPS
leads to septic shock that may lead to DIC
79
what is the last response when going to Septic shock
Vasodilation Hypotension Endothelial cell activation and injury reduced myocardial contractility
80
what are the stages of Shock
Nonprogressive Progressive Irreversible
81
why would shock be nonprogressive
Compensatory mechanisms maintain tissue perfusion by tachycardia, renal conservation of water, redistribution of blood to vital organs and away from skin by peripheral vasoconstriction
82
what are the compensatory mechanisms that allow nonprogressive shock to maintain tissue perfusion
Catecholamines Renin ADH sympa nervous system stimulation
83
what is Progressive shock
when inadequate perfusion with metabolic imbalance(acidosis) reduces vasomotor response to symp stimulation - lead to pooling of blood and reduced perfusion
84
what does hypoxic injury to epithelium during progressive shock lead to
DIC
85
what is Irreversible shock
Tissue injury that can not be reversed by reperfusion
86
what happens to brain in shock
Ischemic necrosis of neurons (hippocampus and cerebelum)
87
what happens to the heart in shock
Contraction band necrosis in the heart
88
what happens in the kidney during shock
Necrosis of tubular epithelial cells
89
what happens to the lungs in shock
Diffuse alveolar damage in the lungs due to endothelial injury
90
what is it called when sock cuasese endothelial injury in the lungs
Adult respiratory distress syndrom (ARDS)
91
what happens to the intestinal tract in shock
Mucosal hemorrhage and necrosis
92
what happens to the liver in shock
Centrizonal necrosis in the liver
93
what are the clinical manifestations of shock
``` Tachycardia Tachypnea Hypotension Cool clammy skin Decreased urinary outpur Confusion Low blood pH with elevated lactic acid ```
94
what type of shock does not result in cool clammy skin
Spetic shock

general path (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions