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Semester 3 FS Exam 2 > Thoracic Biomechanics > Flashcards

Thoracic Biomechanics Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Regions

A

3 Upper, middle, lower

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2
Q

Upper region from

A

T1-T4

Acts like cervical

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3
Q

Middle region from

A

T5-T9

Acts like thoracic - unique part

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4
Q

Lower region from

A

T10-T12

Acts like lumbar

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5
Q

Thoracic spine body characteristics

A

Wedge shaped - shorter ant
Kyphotic curvature from shape/height of body
Inc size as go down - mobility dec as go down
Ing endplates larger
AP diameter is bigger than ML diameter

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6
Q

Thoracic angle of inclination at T6/T7

A

75 degrees

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7
Q

Sup facets face

A

post and lateral

to medially at the lower thoracic

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8
Q

Spinous processes change in shape - Upper

Middle, Lower

A 
Upper = Extend horizontally 
Middle = Post and inf
Lower = Shorter and project post
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9
Q

Trans processes change in shape

A

Length dec as go down

Inc in size as go down

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10
Q

Ribs - pairs, typical, neck extends…

A

12 pairs and the sternum
Typical = 2 to 9
Neck extends post and lat from head

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11
Q

Ribs - head and neck are
Body is
Tubercle is

A

Head and neck are posterior
Body is anterior
Tubercle is on post surface

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12
Q

Ribs - facet

A

1, 10-12 have a single head facet

Others have two

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13
Q

Sternum - Con

A

Convex ant

Concave post

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14
Q

Sternum - sternal notch at

A

T3

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15
Q

Sternum - body at

A

T5-T9 vertebrae

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16
Q

Sternum - sternomanubrial junction

A

160 degrees

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17
Q

Sternum - xiphisternal junction ossifies by

A

40 years old

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18
Q

Joints of the thoracic region

A
  1. IVD
  2. Facets
  3. Costovertebral - rib to body of vert
  4. Costotransverse - tubercle of rib to TP
  5. Rib to sternum
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19
Q

IVD

A

Typical
Gelatinous nucleus
Annulus Fibrosis

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20
Q

Where are the thinnest IVD

A

Upper throacic

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21
Q

How do you look at mobility for thoracic

A

Ratio of disc height to body height reflects the mobility
Avg height of disc/Avg height of body above
Higher the ratio = higher the mobility
Thoracic has smallest ratio

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22
Q

Facet joints

A

Gliding synovial joint

Limit flexion, ant translation

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23
Q

Facet joints - ant instability due to

A

Issue with structures that limit flexion

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24
Q

Facet joints - post instability due to

A

issues with structures that limit extension

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25
Rib cage - multiplies the ability of what
by 4 times - the ability of the thoracic spine to sustain compressive load
26
Rib cage - made up of
7 vertebrosternal pairs (direct connection) 3 vertebrochondral pairs (costal cartilage) 2 vertebral pairs (floating)
27
Rib cage - width with expansion
Width becomes larger ML and AP when expands | Length becomes shorter (because comes up)
28
Costovertebral and Costotransverse joints
Posterior | Gliding joints that together allow rotation movement of the ribs
29
Costovertebral joint - supportedd
Joint capsule Interarticular ligament Radiate ligament
30
Rib 8 connects in space btw
rib 7 and 8
31
Interarticular ligament
Inside the joint capsule | Connects the body of the vertebrae, head to body
32
Radiate ligament
Outside the joint capsule | Expands all the way around
33
Goal of interarticular and radiate ligament
maintain stability of head with structures it connects to on vertebral column
34
Costotransverse -
Facet of TP to facet on tubercle of rib
35
Costotransverse - supported
``` Joint capsule Costotransverse ligament (neck to vertebrae) Lateral costotransverse ligament (enforcement of joint capsule) Post costotransverse ligament (suspend the rib from above vertebrae) ```
36
Anterior joints between sternum anterior
``` Costal cartilage, junction btw rib and cartilage (NO MOTION), Btw cartilage and sternum (allows mobility of rib cage) 1st rib to manubrium 2nd rib to sternomabubrial junction 3rd-7th to body 8th-10th the cartilage of the 7th ```
37
Thoracic spine motion is limited by
Orientation of facets Thickness of IVDs Presence of the ribs
38
Segmental mobility - sag plane
flex/ext | Inc as go down
39
Segmental mobility - frontal plane
lateral | ROM constant or inc slightly as go down
40
Segmental mobility - transverse plane
rotation | ROM dec
41
Cervical facets
More horizontal | Sup facets post and sup
42
Thoracic facets
Progressively more vertical | Sup facets post and lat
43
Lumbar facets
Almost vertical | Sup facets med and post
44
With flexion - facets
Sup translation of above vertebrae | Has to climb up and over
45
With extension -
compression forces are developed wthin the facets limiting the ROM
46
What limits extension ROM
SP
47
What reduces segmental mobility in all diretions
Ribs
48
Couple motion
All motion of thoracic is coupled because of ribs
49
Primary coupling
LF and Rot
50
Upper throacic coupling
LF and ipsilateral rotation (like mid and low cerical)
51
Mid and lower thoracic coupling
Depends on sagittal plane position Flexion = SB and Rot in same direction Extension = SB and Rot in opposit
52
Rib cage motion- closed kinetic chain including
A single vertebrae, a rib pair, a costal cartilage/sternum
53
Primary motion - rib cage
Elevation and depression Hinge like Expands the chest volume (7cm)
54
Sagittal plane - rib cage motion
Pump handle motion | Up and forward
55
Frontal plane - rib cage motion
bucket handle motion | Up and lateral
56
Rib elevation - motion on costal cartilage and sternum
Sternum - ant and sup | Costal cartilage - torsion
57
Rib motion as a result of thoracic spine motion - Flex, Ext, LF, Rot
Flex - Depression Ext - Elevation LF - Ipsilateral approximation, Contralateral separation Rot - Ipsilateral TP moves post and pulls rib, inc the curvature Contralateral TP moves ant pushing rib and becomes more shallow
58
Superficial layer
Trap Rhomboids Lat
59
Trap
Contralateral Rot
60
Rhomboids
Contralateral Rot
61
Lat
Ipsilateral rot with help of pec major and ant deltoid Ext lower thoracic Flex upper thoracic Ipsilateral flexion
62
Deep layer
Erector spinae group
63
Erector spinae group - mm
Spinalis T, C, C Longissimus T, C, C Iliocostalis L, T, C
64
Erector spinae group - mm action
``` Bilaterally trunk ext Unilaterally ipsilateral flex and rot Contract ecc with forward bend Contract conc with return to erect position Slow twitch fibers ```
65
Transversospinalis group
``` Semispinalis Multifidus Rotatores Bilat = ext Unilat = ipsilateral flex, contralateral rot ```
66
Intrinsic muscles of thorac
``` Serratus post Intercostal mm Diaphragm Transversus thoracis Subcostales Levator costarum ```
67
Serratud post
Superior and inf (inf not all have) Sup = elevate ribs Inf = depress ribs
68
Intercostal mm
``` External = inspiration Internal = exhalation Innermost = exhalation (on post part) ```
69
Diaphragm
Lowers the floor of thoracic cavity (inc height and volume) | Elevates the lower ribs (inc AP and ML diameter of the thorax - inc in volume)
70
Transversus thoracis
Depresses lower ribs, dec thoracic volume, contributes to exhalation
71
Subcostales
Appear to depress the ribs
72
Levator Costarum
Appear to elevate the ribs TP to rib below, suspensory mm Can also elevate ribs though
73
Superincumbent weight
Distibuted btw thoracic bodies and the facet | 3 column support that turns to one at lumber
74
External moment on thoracic spne
Flexion
75
The greater the thoracic kyphosis
The greater the Mext
76
Mext from T1-T4
Inc here and then dec
77
ERector spinae activation with forward bending
Not much past 30-40 degrees | When working these mm important to work before this range to get the muscles activated
78
Muscles forces and kyphotic posture
Much more mm forces needed with kyphotic posture | More shear and comp too with more kyphotic posture
79
As kyphotic posture inc
the external flexion moment and internal extension moment inc and this created an inc in the reaction force btw the vertebral bodies
80
Compression failure
Occurs at thoracic spine at the ant aspect of the body creating a wedge fracture (ant part is more compressed) Wedge fracture --> inc kyphosis --> further compression failure --> further wedge fracture --> and so on

Semester 3 FS Exam 2 (2 decks)

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