Thoracic Limb

Question 1

What attaches to the scapular spine?

Answer 1

m. trapezius, m. omotransversarius, m. deltoideus (scapular portion)

Question 2

What attaches to the acromion?

Answer 2

m. deltoideus (acromial portion)

Question 3

What originates on the supraglenoid tubercle?

Answer 3

m. biceps brachii

Question 4

What originates in the supraspinous fossa?

Answer 4

m. supraspinatus

Question 5

What originates in the infraspinous fossa?

Answer 5

m. infraspinatus

Question 6

What originates in the subscapular fossa?

Answer 6

m. subscapularis

Question 7

What lies in the intertubercular groove of the humerus?

Answer 7

Bicipital tendon

Question 8

What inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus?

Answer 8

mm. supraspinatus and infraspinatus

Question 9

What inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

Answer 9

m. subscapularis (and a portion of the deep pectoral m.)

Question 10

What lies in the brachial groove?

Answer 10

m. brachialis

Question 11

What originates from the tricipital line of the humerus?

Answer 11

the lateral head of m. triceps brachii

Question 12

What is the capitulum?

Answer 12

the site of articulation for the head of the radius (lateral portion of trochlea)

Question 13

What originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

Answer 13

craniolateral mm. of the antebrachium (m. extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, m. extensor carpi ulnaris, m. extensor carpi obliquus, m. supinator)

m. anconeus

Question 14

What originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

Answer 14

caudomedial mm. of the antebrachium (m. flexor carpi ulnaris, SDF, DDF, m. flexor carpi radialis, m. pronator teres, m. pronator quadratus)

Question 15

What inserts on the olecrannon process?

Answer 15

m. triceps brachii

Question 16

What inserts on the accessory carpal bone?

Answer 16

mm. flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris

Question 17

What is name of the caudal projection of the feline acromion?

Answer 17

suprahamate process

Question 18

What originates from the coracoid process of the scapula?

Answer 18

m. corocobrachialis

Question 19

What is different between the distal ends of the feline and canine humerus?

Answer 19

Canine - supratrochlear foramen

Feline - supracondylar foramen

Question 20

What are the extrinsic mm. of the canine shoulder?

Answer 20

m. brachiocephalicus
m. omotranversarius
m. trapezius
m. latissimus dorsi
m. rhomboideus
m. serratus ventralis
deep pectoral m.
superficial pectoral m.

Question 21

What is the additional extrinsic m. of the equine shoulder?

Answer 21

m. subclavius

Question 22

Origin and insertion of m. serratus ventralis

Answer 22

Origin: transverse processes of C3-7
Insertion: serrated face of scapula

Question 23

What is deep to the m. omotransversarius

Answer 23

superficial cervical lymph node

Question 24

Origin and insertion of m. deltoideus

Answer 24

Origin: spine of scapular (canine and equine) and acromion (canine)
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

Question 25

Origin and insertion of m. corobrachialis

Answer 25

Origin: corocoid process of the scapula Insertion: crest of lesser tubercle

Question 26

Origin of the long head of m. triceps brachii

Answer 26

caudal border of scapula

Question 27

Origin of the medial head of m. triceps brachii

Answer 27

crest of lesser tubercle

Question 28

Origin of the lateral head of m. triceps brachii

Answer 28

tricipital line of humerus

Question 29

Origin of the accessory head of m. triceps brachii

Answer 29

neck of humerus

Question 30

Origin and insertion of m. biceps brachii

Answer 30

Origin: supraglenoid tuberosity Insertion: radial and ulnar tuberosities

Question 31

Origin and insertion of m. brachialis

Answer 31

Origin: lateral aspect of proximal humerus Insertion: radial and ulnar tuberosities

Question 32

What structure bridges the greater and lesser tubercle to secure the bicipital tendon?

Answer 32

transverse humeral retinaculum

Question 33

What is the insertion of m. extensor carpi radialis?

Answer 33

dorsal aspect of metacarpals II and III

Question 34

What is the insertion of m. flexor carpi radialis?

Answer 34

palmar aspect of metacarpals II and III

Question 35

What is the primary arterial blood supply to the entire thoracic limb? To the manus?

Answer 35

axillary a. median a.

Question 36

What regions of the body does the superficial cervical lymph node drain?

Answer 36

neck, cranial portion of shoulder, and all of forelimb distal to the elbow

Question 37

What regions of the body does the axillary lymph node drain?

Answer 37

forelimb near the olecrannon and proximal trunk

Question 38

Where can you test the axillary autonomous zone?

Answer 38

caudal to the shoulder joint and superficial to the m. triceps brachii

Question 39

Where can you test the musculocutaneous autonomous zone?

Answer 39

medial humeral epicondyle

Question 40

Where is the musculocutaneous autonomous zone?

Answer 40

medial aspect of antebrachium

Question 41

Where is the axillary autonomous zone?

Answer 41

thin, vertical strip that runs from the caudal scapula to mid-brachium

Question 42

Where can you test the radial autonomous zone?

Answer 42

dorsum of the metacarpus or over the lateral epicondyle

Question 43

Where is the radial autonomous zone?

Answer 43

the entire dorsum of the manus and lateral aspect of the antebrachium

Question 44

Where can you test the ulnar autonomous zone?

Answer 44

the olecrannon process or lateral aspect of digit V

Question 45

Where is the ulnar autonomous zone?

Answer 45

caudal/palmar forelimb from olecrannon to paw (including pads)

Question 46

What does the suprascapular n. innervate?

Answer 46

mm. supraspinatus and infraspinatus

Question 47

What does the cranial pectoral n. innervate?

Answer 47

superficial pectoral m.

Question 48

What does the subscapular n. innervate?

Answer 48

m. subscapularis

Question 49

What does the musculocutaneous n. innervate?

Answer 49

mm. biceps brachii, brachialis, corocobrachialis, skin of medial limb

Question 50

What does the axillary n. innervate?

Answer 50

mm. teres major, teres minor, deltoideus, and skin of lateral brachium

Question 51

What does the thoracodorsal n. innervate?

Answer 51

m. latissimus dorsi

Question 52

What does the lateral thoracic n. innervate?

Answer 52

m. cutaneous trunci

Question 53

What does the deep brr. of radial n. innervate?

Answer 53

extensors of elbow, carpus, and digits

Question 54

What does the superficial brr. of radial n. innervate?

Answer 54

skin of lateral limb

Question 55

What does the median n. innervate?

Answer 55

Flexors of the carpus and digits, and pronators

Question 56

What does the ulnar n. innervate?

Answer 56

Flexors of the carpus and digits, skin of caudal/palmar antebrachium and manus

Question 57

What are the brr. of the axillary a.?

Answer 57

external thoracic a. (to sup. pectoral m.) lateral thoracic a. (to deep pectoral m.) subscapular a. cranial circumflex humeral a. (to m. biceps and m. corocobrachialis)

Question 58

What are the brr. of the subscapular a.?

Answer 58

caudal circumflex humeral a. (to m. triceps and m. deltoideus) thoracodorsal a. (to m. lat. dorsi)

Question 59

What are the brr. of the brachial a.?

Answer 59

deep brachial a. (to m. triceps) collateral ulnar a. (to olecrannon) superficial brachial a. (to dorsum of paw) common interosseus (between radius and ulna)

Question 60

What are the landmarks, target nerves, and effect of a heel block?

Answer 60

Landmark: ungual cartilage Target: palmar digital nn. Effect: numbs navicular and heel

Question 61

What are the landmarks, target nerves, and effect of a basisesamoid block?

Answer 61

Landmark: base of proximal sesamoids Target: palmar nn. (including dorsal brr. and palmar digital nn.) Effect: numbs hoof, pastern, and palmar fetlock

Question 62

What are the landmarks, target nerves, and effect of a low 4 point block?

Answer 62

Landmarks: button of splint bones, two fingers up and dorsad between the suspensory lig. and flexor tt. Target: palmar and palmar metacarpal nn. Effect: numbs from fetlock distad

Question 63

What structure lies deep to the infraspinatus tendon as it crosses the scapulohumeral joint?

Answer 63

infraspinatus bursa

Question 64

What are the medial and lateral thickenings of the shoulder joint capsule?

Answer 64

glenohumeral ligaments (collaterals)

Question 65

What enlarges the margins of the glenoid cavity?

Answer 65

glenoid lip (labrum)

Question 66

How many joints make up the elbow? How many joint sacs?

Answer 66

Joints: humeroradial, humeroulnar, radioulnar | Joint sacs: 1

Question 67

Which side of the coronoid process is usually abnormal in shoulder dysplasia?

Answer 67

medial

Question 68

What is the function of the m. anconeus?

Answer 68

to lift the joint capsule during elbow extension and prevent it from being pinched

Question 69

What structures support the carpus in carnivores?

Answer 69

Significant thickening of joint capsule Short collateral ligg. that extend from radius/ulna to radial/ulnar carpal bones Palmar carpal fibrocartilage

Question 70

What structures define the carpal canal?

Answer 70

Proximal row of carpal bones Accessory carpal bone Flexor retinaculum

Question 71

What are the contents of the canine carpal canal?

Answer 71

Digital flexor tendons t. of m. flexor carpi radialis Median a. Median and ulnar nn.

Question 72

What are the contents of the equine carpal canal?

Answer 72

Digital flexor tendons t. of m. flexor carpi radialis Medial palmar a. Medial and lateral palmar nn.

Question 73

What vessels emerge from the median a. trifurcation?

Answer 73

Radial a. Medial palmar a. (main supply to equine manus) Lateral palmar a.

Question 74

What 3 ligaments bind down the flexor tendons as they pass over the fetlock and pastern?

Answer 74

1. annular ligament of the fetlock 2. prox. digital annular ligament 3. distal digital annular ligament

Question 75

Where is the intertubercular bursa?

Answer 75

Deep to bicipital tendon between greater and lesser tubercle

Question 76

Where is the subcutaneous olecrannon bursa?

Answer 76

On the point of elbow (inconsistent) | Inflammation causes "capped elbow"

Question 77

Where is the navicular bursa?

Answer 77

Between the DDF and navicular bone

Question 78

What muscle transfers the weight of the trunk to the forelimbs?

Answer 78

m. serratus ventralis

Question 79

What is the structure that passes from the internal tendon of the m. biceps brachii to the fascia of the m. extensor carpi radialis?

Answer 79

lacertus fibrosis

Question 80

Active portions of the stay apparatus?

Answer 80

Slight tone in the mm. serratus ventralis and triceps brachii

Question 81

What stabilizes the equine shoulder joint as part of the stay apparatus?

Answer 81

Internal tendon of m. biceps --> lacertus fibrosis | Slight tone in the m. triceps brachii

Question 82

What are the muscles that join the tendons of the digital flexors?

Answer 82

interflexorius mm.

Question 83

What is the vascular, horn-growing tissue of the hoof?

Answer 83

corium

Question 84

What do low grade, chronic irritations do to corium growth?

Answer 84

Overproduction of horn

Question 85

What do acute, severe insults do to corium growth?

Answer 85

Hemorrhaging and cessation of horn growth

Question 86

What signs can be used to identify subclinical laminitis in cattle?

Answer 86

Hemorrhage or yellow discoloration of the sole | Abnormal horn growth and sole ulcers

Question 87

What is the waxy layer on the outside of the hoof?

Answer 87

periople

Question 88

What is founder?

Answer 88

A chronic condition of the hoof walls growing abnormally (flared wall and curled toe) due to laminitis