Thoracolumbar Theory

Question 1

What forms the withers in a dog and a horse respectively?

Answer 1

Canine: T2-6
Horse: T3-8

Question 2

What is the anticlinal vertebra in a dog and horse respectively?

Answer 2

C: T11
E: T16
(2 less than their total thoracic vert)

Question 3

What is the inclination above T16 in a horse?

Answer 3

Caudal inclination

Question 4

What do you call the overlapping of spinous processes?

Answer 4

Imbrication

Question 5

What increases stability in the lumbar spine in a horse and dog respectively?

Answer 5

Horse: Intertransverse joints
Canine: Accessory processes

Question 6

Where do accessory processes begin and end in a dog?

Answer 6

Mid thoracic to L5-6

Question 7

How many thoracic vertebrae in a horse and dog respectively?

Answer 7

C: T13
E: T18

Question 8

What orientation do the cranial and caudal thoracic vertebrae have respectively?

Answer 8

Coronal : Sagittal

Question 9

How many joint surfaces does a thoracic vertebrae have?

Answer 9

12:
2 cranial facets
2 caudal facets
2 IVD
2 Costotransverse joint surfaces
4 demi facets

Question 10

How many lumbar vertebrae do dogs and horses have respectively?

Answer 10

C: 7
H: 5-6

Question 11

Where can you find inter transverse joints on a horse?

Answer 11

L4-S1

Question 12

Where can you find accessory process in the lumbar spine for a dog?

Answer 12

L3-4
not needed anymore caudal than L5-6

Question 13

What orientation do the facet joints have in the lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 13

Sagital

Question 14

Name the major extensors of the back

Answer 14

Longissimus dorsi
Ileocostalis

Question 15

Name the major Flexors of the back

Answer 15

Psoas major
Psoas minor
Quadratus lumborum
Abdominal muscles

Question 16

The lack of what structure allows for more flexion and extension in the lumbar spine of a horse?

Answer 16

Lack of supraspinous ligmanet

Question 17

What is the couple motion in the lumbar spine?

Answer 17

Axial rotation with lateral flexion

Question 18

All neurones of the brain are:
unipolar?
bipolar?
multipolar?

Answer 18

Multipolar

Question 19

What must a cell do to maintain a perfect membrane potential and stay healthy?

Answer 19

Cell has to work!

Question 20

Where in the CNS in the first perception of pain?

Answer 20

Thalamus

Question 21

Where the major control centre for the ANS?

Answer 21

Hypothalamus

Question 22

Name the parts of the brainstem from rostral to caudal

Answer 22

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

Question 23

Afferent pathways bring

Sensory?
Motor?

Answer 23

Sensory

Question 24

What tract in the spine do ALL the peripheral sympathetic fibres run?

Answer 24

Intermedial-lateral cell column (IML)

Question 25

What cranial nerves are parasympathetic fibres found?

Answer 25

III (Oculomotor) VII (facial) IX (Glossopharyngeal) X (Vagus)

Question 26

What type of receptors are the greatest by number in the body?

Answer 26

Mechanoreceptors

Question 27

What is the main source of excitation of mechanoreceptors in the body?

Answer 27

Gravity

Question 28

Where the is the final destination of sensory input in the cerebrum?

Answer 28

Somato-sensory cortex

Question 29

Input from mechanoreceptors travels to the cortex via what pathway? describe its pathway

Answer 29

Dorsal tract; Receptor - DRG - Ipsilateral dorsal tract - thalamus = decussates = medial lemniscus

Question 30

What part of the body does the gracil and cuneate fasciculus carry information for respectively?

Answer 30

Gracil = caudal part of body below T6 Cuneate: Cranial body above T6

Question 31

80% of cortical output is what?

Answer 31

Inhibitory

Question 32

What contains considerable amounts of mechanoreceptors in the body?

Answer 32

Intrinsic muscles

Question 33

How many spinal nerve pairs does a dog and horse have respectively?

Answer 33

C: 1-8 cervical spine 1-13 thoracic spine 1-7 lumbar spine 1-3 sacral spine 1-5 tail E: 1-8 cervical 1-18 thoracic 1-6 lumbar 1-5 Sacrum 1-5 tail

Question 34

What spinal cord segments make up the brachial plexus?

Answer 34

C6-T2

Question 35

What nerve supplies the deep digital flexors? What nerve roots can affect this for the horse and dog respectively?

Answer 35

Ulna (E)T1-2; (C) C8-T1

Question 36

What nerve supplies the elbow extensors? What nerve roots can affect this for the horse and dog respectively?

Answer 36

Radial (E) C8-T1; (C) T7-T1

Question 37

How much gap should there be between the panels of a saddle?

Answer 37

3-4 fingers

Question 38

What can you use to heat an area up quickly in a horse and dog?

Answer 38

Moist heat

Question 39

What is a common cause of lumbar problems?

Answer 39

The viscera-somatic reflex

Question 40

What is the proposed mechanism of both Ultrasound and Laser Therapy respectively?

Answer 40

US: Increased cellular activities. Increased cell permeability; Decreased adhesions Laser: Pain suppressing; Anti-inflammatory; Increase in ATP

Question 41

Is lordosis or kyphosis commonly seen in geriatric or inactive animals?

Answer 41

Lordosis