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Respiratory Anatomy > Thorax 1 > Flashcards

Thorax 1 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture

A

The top of the thoracic cavity

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2
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture called anatomically

A

Thoracic inlet

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3
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture called clinically

A

Thoracic outlet (as in thoracic outlet syndrome)

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4
Q

Where is the inferior thoracic aperture located

A

Bottom of the thoracic cavity

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5
Q

What is the superior thoracic aperture bounded by

A

1) The first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly
2) The first pair of ribs laterally
3) The costal cartilage of the first rib
4) The superior border of the manubrium anteriorly

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6
Q

Describe the shape of the first rib

A

Broad and flat

Surfaces looking upward and downward

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7
Q

Describe the upper surface of the body of the 1st rib

A

It is is marked by two shallow grooves that are separated by the scalene tubercle

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8
Q

What does the upper surface of the body of the 1st rib attach to

A

Scalene muscle

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9
Q

Describe the head of the 1st rib

A

It has a single articular facet for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra

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10
Q

What does the anterior groove of the 1st rib lodge

A

Subclavian vein

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11
Q

What does the posterior groove of the 1st rib lodge

A

Subclavian artery and lowest trunk of the brachial plexus

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12
Q

What does the head of the rib articulate with

A

Body of thoracic vertebra of the same number and vertebra above

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13
Q

At which joint does the head of the rib articulate with thoracic vertebra

A

Costovertebral joints

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14
Q

What type of joint is the costovertebral joint

A

Synovial plane

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15
Q

How many vertebral bodies does the head of the rib articulate with

A

2

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16
Q

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with

A

Transverse process of thoracic vertebra of the same number

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17
Q

At which joint does the tubercle of the rib articulate

A

Costovertebral joint

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18
Q

What is the inferior thoracic aperture bound by

A

1) The 12th thoracic vertebra posteriorly
2) 11th and 12th pairs of ribs laterally
3) Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
4) Xiphisternal joint anteriorly

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19
Q

What separated the inferior thoracic aperture and the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity

A

Thoraco-abdominal diaphragm

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20
Q

What is a diaphragm

A

A fibromuscular membrane that is stretched across the midline of the body

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21
Q

Where does the left side of the chest drain into

A

Thoracic duct

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22
Q

Where does the right side of the chest drain into

A

Right lymphatic duct

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23
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

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24
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into

A

Right brachiocephalic vein

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25
What type of attachments can the diaphragm have
Peripheral | Central
26
Name the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm
1) Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments 2) Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12 3) Xiphoid process of the sternum
27
Name the central attachment of the diaphragm
Central tendon
28
Describe the structure of the diaphragm which arises from vertebrae
Tendinous
29
What is the diaphragm which arises from the vertebrae known as
Right and left curura
30
Where does the right crus arise from
L1-L3
31
What do some fibres from the right crus surround
Oesophageal opening | Prevents reflux of gastric contents back into the oesophagus
32
Where does the left crus arise from
L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs
33
What is the primary muscle of respiration
Diaphragm
34
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration
Contracts and descends | Dome flattens
35
What does the flattening of the dome do
Increases vertical diameter of thoracic cavity
36
What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve
Anterior rami of C3, C4 (mainly) and C5
37
Are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve motor or sensory
Both
38
What are the motor functions of the phernic nerve
To pierce and innervate the diaphragm from its inferior surface
39
What are the sensory functions of the phernic nerve
To supply the central part of the diaphragm
40
What are the pheripheral portions of the diaphragm innervated by
Sensory fibres of intercostal nerves, T7-T12
41
What are hiatuses in the diaphragm
Openings
42
Name the three hiatuses found in the diaphragm
T8 – Caval opening T10 – Oesophgeal hiatus T12 – Aortic hiatus
43
What does the caval opening pass through
Central tendon of the diaphragm
44
What does the caval opening transmit
Inferior vena cava | Right phrenic nerve
45
Where is the oesophageal hiatus located
Through the muscular sling of the right crus
46
What does the oesophageal hiatus transmit
Oesophagus | Both vagus nerves
47
Where is the aortic hiatus located
Between the left and right crus
48
What does the aortic hiatus transmit
Aorta Azygous vein Hemiazygous vein Thoracic duct
49
Where is the upper respiratory tract located
Above the sternal angle (outside the thorax) or Above cricoid cartilage
50
What component of the respiratory tract can be considered as part of the upper or lower respiratory tract
Larynx
51
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of
Trachea Bronchi (primary, secondary and tertiary) Bronchioles (including terminal and respiratory) Lungs (including alveoli)
52
What is the respiratory/tracheobronchial tree
The branching structure of airways supplying air to the lungs and includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
53
What does the conducting portion of the respiratory tract include
``` Trachea Main bronchus Lobar bronchus Segmental bronchus Conducting bronchiole Terminal bronchiole ```
54
What does the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract include
Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveolus
55
What occurs in the conducting portion
No gas exchange
56
What occurs in the respiratory portion
Gas exchange
57
Where is the larynx found
Anterior neck between C3-C6
58
Where does the larynx extend from
Top of the epiglottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
59
What is the larynx innervated by
Branches of vagus nerve
60
Where is the hyoid located
C2/3
61
Where is the thyrohyoid membrane located
C4
62
Where is the laryngeal prominence located
C5
63
Where is the cricoid cartilage and start if trachea located
C6
64
Name the lung borders
Anterior Posterior Inferior
65
Name the lung lobes
Superior Inferior Middle Lingula
66
Which lobes are only found in the right lung
Middle | Lingula
67
Name the lung surfaces
Costal Mediastinal (medial) Diaphragmatic (inferior)
68
What is the lung hilum
An area located on the medial/mediastinal surface of lung
69
What is the lung root
Group of structures (bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics, nerves) that the enter or leave the lung hilum
70
What is additional bronchus in the right lung hilum called
Eparterial bronchus (above the artery)
71
What does the parietal pleura consist of
Somatic nerves | Pain sensitive
72
What does the visceral pleura consist of
``` Autonomic nerves (T2-T5) Pain insensitive ```
73
What is the pleural reflection
The place at which parietal pleura changes its direction of travel
74
What is the pleural recess
The increased space between the layers of pleura occurring at the pleural reflections
75
What type of reflection and recesses are there
Costomediastinal | Costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic)
76
What can allow the inferior margin of the lung to be identified
Midclavicular line Midaxillary line Midscapular line
77
Where is the midclavicular line located
Rib 6
78
Where is the midaxillary line located
Rib 8
79
Where is the midscapular line loctated
Rib 10
80
Which ribs identify the inferior margin of the parietal pleura
Rib 8 Rib 10 Rib 12
81
What does the horizontal fissure of the right lung follow
The line of the 4th rib anteriorly
82
Where does the oblique fissure of both lungs begin
At spine of T3 and follows line of 6th rib anteriorly
83
What are the large bronchi similar to histologically
Trachea
84
Describe the features of bronchioles
Diameter of 1mm or less No cartilage, no glands and no goblet cells in walls compared to the trachea and larger bronchi Epithelium is either columnar or cuboidal
85
Name three things that can happen as the tubes become smaller within the lung
1. The epithelium becomes flatter from trachea to alveoli goes from columnar to cuboidal to squamous 2. Cartilage reduces from rings to small plates to complete absence in the bronchioles 3. Mucous-secreting glands and goblet cells decrease to complete absence in the bronchioles

Respiratory Anatomy (1 decks)

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