Thorax

Question 1

How many pairs of external intercostal muscles are there

Answer 1

11 pairs

Question 1

Which blood vessel is the Sa and AV node supplied by

Answer 1

Right coronary

Question 2

What is the main arterial blood supply of the diaphragm?

Answer 2

Inferior phrenic artery

Question 3

Surfaces and borders of the heart

Answer 3

Anterior (or sternocostal) – Right ventricle.
Posterior (base of the pyramid) – Left atrium.
Inferior (or diaphragmatic) – Left and right ventricles.
Right pulmonary – Right atrium.
Left pulmonary – Left ventricle.

Question 4

The right lung contains a horizontal fissure. What rib does this fissure follow the course of?

Answer 4

4th rib

Question 5

Which part of the mediastinum does the phrenic nerve pass

Answer 5

The phrenic nerve passes through the middle mediastinum to innervate the diaphragm

Question 6

Which anatomical level does the superior vena cava become surrounded by pericardium?

Answer 6

2nd costal cartilage

Question 7

What percentage of lymph node drainage from the breast goes into the axilla

Answer 7

The axillary nodes receive approximately 75% of the lymph drainage from the breast, and so are the most likely site for metastasis in breast cancer.

Question 8

What is the sensory innervation of the trrachea

Answer 8

The trachea receives sensory innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve

Question 9

What is the relation of thoracic duct and oesophagus in the posterior mediastinum

Answer 9

Thoracic ducts is posterior and to the left of the aorta at the level of the T5

Question 10

Where does the thoracic duct normally drain into

Answer 10

Left BCV

Question 11

What pases through the diaphragm

Answer 11

Caval Foramen T8: IVC, lymph nodes and right phrenic nerve
Oesphadeal hiatus T10: Eso, Vagal trunk and branches of the left gastric
Aortic T12: Aorta, Azygous and Thoracic duct

Question 12

Cupola

Answer 12

Cervical fascia

Question 13

How many BP segments per lung

Answer 13

10 in right and 8 in left

Question 14

Which Crus of the diaphragm does the oesophagus pass

Answer 14

Right Crus

Question 15

What causes scapular winging

Answer 15

Damage to the long thoracic nerve and hence dysfunctional serratus anterior muscles

Question 16

What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint

Answer 16

sec cart joint

Question 17

What is the main blood supply of the lat dors

Answer 17

Thoracodorsal

Question 18

Where does the fossa ovalis lie in relation to the right atrium

Answer 18

Posteromedial wall

Question 19

Azygos lobe

Answer 19

Commonest accessory lobe of the lung and is commonly seen in the right upper zone

Question 20

How does the phrenic vein travel

Answer 20

Ant to the sub clav art and post to the vein. Towards the medial border of the ant scalene

Question 21

Transverse pericardial sinus use

Answer 21

Can be used to put pressure on the cardiac vessels to interrupt blood flow

Question 22

Aortic arches

Answer 22

1st and 2nd disappear
3rd: Carotid artery
4th: Subclavian artery on the right and aortic arch on the left
5th: disappears
6th: Pulmonary artery

Question 23

When does the fusion between the septum primum and the septum second take place to form the fossa ovalis from the foramen ovale

Answer 23

3 months of age.

Question 24

What is ostium secondum

Answer 24

If formen is only partially covered then it leads to the formation of ostium secondum

Question 25

How is the diaphragm formed

Answer 25

Pleuroperitoneal membrane, fibrous central tendon also known as septum transversum and ingrowth from the body wall along with mesentery of foregut all fuse together

Question 26

What muscles are wasted in cervical rib

Answer 26

C8 to T1 dermatome and myotome

Question 27

What are the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments

Answer 27

Medial arcuate ligament arises from the fascia of the psoas major and joining medially to form the median arcuate ligament Lateral comes from Quad lumb fascia

Question 28

What is the moderator band?

Answer 28

Travels down the interventricular septum of the heart and prevents overdistension of the ventricles

Question 29

What is the Pemberton's test

Answer 29

SVC obstruction can be assessed clinically by performing Pemberton’s test. The patient is asked to raise both arms above their head – a positive test is indicated if facial oedema or cyanosis occurs after approximately 1 minute.

Question 30

Where does the horizontal fissure of the right lung meet the oblique fissure

Answer 30

At the 4th rib

Question 31

Where does the pulmonary trunk split into the left and right pulmonary

Answer 31

T5-T6

Question 32

What forms the coronary sinus

Answer 32

Generally, it is the great cardiac vein

Question 33

Where does the SVC enter the right atrium

Answer 33

At the level of the third costal cartilage

Question 34

Where can you visualise the azygous lobe

Answer 34

Right upper zone. Is the most common accessory lobe

Question 35

Where is the inferior epigastric vessels found

Answer 35

Between transverse abdominis muscle and the peritoneum

Question 36

FACT

Answer 36

Phrenic nerve is anterior in relation to SCA but post to SCV and towards the medial border of the scalene ant

Question 37

FACT

Answer 37

The thoracic duct passes left and posterior to the esophagus at the T5 level. It empties into the left subclavian vein

Question 38

Mid sternotomy and heavy bleeding

Answer 38

BCV

Question 39

Where does the IVC enter the right atrium

Answer 39

Behind the third costal cartilage

Question 40

Where is the pulmonary valve in relation to the aortic valve

Answer 40

Anterior

Question 41

Where is the ansa cervicalis embeded

Answer 41

In the carotid sheath

Question 42

Thyroid vein drain

Answer 42

Inferior drains into the brachiocephalic vein and the superior and middle is the internal jugular

Question 43

At what level does the azygous vein enter the SVC

Answer 43

T4/T5

Question 44

Important heart nomenclature

Answer 44

Right atria has inflow and outflow portions separated by the CRISTA TERMINALIS. The inflow is called sinus venerum and the outflow is called atrium proper Left ventricle also has inflow and outflow portions and the outflow is lined with PECTINATE MUSCLES. Right ventricle inflow portion is called TRAB CARNAE and outflow is called CONUS ARTERIOSUS