Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > thorax > Flashcards

thorax Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two types of ribs:

A

typical
atypical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

structure of the typical rib (3)

A

head
neck
shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where does the the typical rib head articulate:

A
  • into corresponding vertebrae and one above
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the neck of a typical rib contain and why?

A
  • a roughed tubercle
  • for articulation with vertebrae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the internal side of the atypical rib shaft contain?

A
  • neurovasulcar supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the atypical ribs of the body? (5)

A

1
2
10
11
12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is difference about rib 1: (2)

A
  • is shorter and wider
  • contains only one facet on head (as no need for 2 as doesnt attach to vertebrae above)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is different about rib 2? (3)

A
  • thinner and shorter
  • single facet for articulation
  • contains tuberosity for serratus anterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is different about rib 10? (1)

A
  • contains only one facet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the atypical rib 11 and 12 structure: (2)

A
  • no neck
  • only one facet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are considered the floating ribs of the body?

A

11 & 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are considered the false ribs of the body (3)and why?

A
  • ribs 8, 9 & 10
  • they dont contain a direct attachment to the sternum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the 4 parts of the vertebrae and their main function, from superior to inferior

A
  • Cervical - responsible for supporting head’s movement and weight
  • thoracic - provides structural support to ribcage
  • lumbar - bearing bodys weight
  • sacral - sturdy attachment for lower body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 5 parts of the vertebrae?

A

body
foramen
spinous process
transverse process
pedicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the osteology differences of the pelvic region which can determine sex (7)

A
  • pelvic brim
  • subpubic angle
  • greater sciatic notch
  • sacrum shape
  • pubic arch
  • obturator foramen
  • acetabulum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the 4 quadrants of the abdomen:

A
  • right upper quadrant
  • left upper quadrant
  • left lower quadrant
  • right lower quadrant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 2 planes splitting up the 4 quadrants of the abdoment?

A

median plane
transumbilical plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the 9 regions of the abdomen, from left superior side to right, layer by layer

A
  • left hypochondriac region
  • epigastric region
  • right hypochondriac region
  • left lumbar region
  • umbilical region
  • right lumbar region
  • left inguinal region
  • pubic region
  • right inguinal region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the 4 planes separating the 9 regions of the stomach

A
  • 2 midclavicular planes
  • subcostal plane
  • transtubercular plan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the anterolateral abdominal wall? (3)

A
  • the front and sider region of the abdominal cavity
  • provides support and protection to abdominal organs
  • also allows for movement and flexibilty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is campus fascia also known as?

A

superficial fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the arcuate line? (2)

A
  • an imaginary line where the inferior epigastric vessels disappears into rectus abdominal sheath
  • respresents a change in the structure of the rectus sheath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the abdominal muscles from superficial to deep (4)

A
  • external oblique muscle
  • internal oblique muscle
  • transversus abdominis
  • posterior rectus sheath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
rib origin and insertion (general)
origin = vertebrae insertion = sternum
26
what do ribs joining to the sternum form, and why?
cartilage allows for expansion of thorax during respiration
27
what are he 3 parts of the sternum:
1. manubrium 2. body 3. xiphoid process
28
what is the angle of louis? (2)
* a point between the manubrium and body of sternum * is an important anatomical landmark
29
rib 1-6 attachment:
* 1 = manubrium * 2 = sternal angle * 3-6 = body of sternum
30
what is the clavicular notch? (3)
* a specific area on the medial end of the clavicle * smooth, concave and articular surface * attaches to the sternum
31
what is the sternoclavicular joint?
* joint formed between articulation of clavicular notch and sternum
32
what important structures can be found along the sternal angle when cut horizontally: (4)
* T4-T5 joint * aortic arch * azygous vein entering heart * bifurcation of trachea
33
what are the false ribs?
* ribs 8-10 * attach to sternum by joining cartilages from ribs 6 and 7
34
important landmarks to remember in thorax: (3)
* mid clavicular line * mid scapula line * mid axillary line
35
margin of the lung and pleura in the midclavicular landmark
* lung margin - 6th rib * margin of pleura - 8th rib
36
margin of the lung and pleura of the mid axillary line:
lung margin - 8th rib pleura margin - 10th rib
37
margin of the lung and pleura of the midscapular line:
lung margin - 10th rib pleura margin - 12th rib
38
what is the pleura? (1)
* a membrane that covers the lungs
39
the two parts of the pleura:
* visceral - inner layer * parietal layer - outer layer
40
how the landmarks differ from left lung to right lung, and why
midclavicular line: * right lung - 6th rib * left lung - 4th rib differs because of where heart is situated
41
how does a collapsed lung occur? (2)
* puncture of the parietal pleura due to physical injury * lung and pleura is damaged due to COPD
42
what happens in a collapsed lung? (3)
* air fills the pleural cavity * results in compression of lung * forces lung to deflate
43
what is the pleural cavity?
* a cavity of fluid between the visceral and parietal pleura
44
how many intercostal muscle groups are there, and what are their names?
3: * external intercostal muscle * internal intercostal muscle * innermost intercostal muscle
45
what do the external intercostal muscles do?
elevates ribs during forced inspiration
46
what do the internal intercostal muscles do?
pull ribs down and inward during forced expiration (coughing)
47
what do the innermost intercostal muscles do? (2)
* pull ribs downward and inward during forced expiration * provide structural support
48
how to tell the difference between internal and innermost intercostal muscle fibres, as they both direct the same way (2)
* relative postion to the intercostal neurovascular bundle * internal muscles lie superficial to it
49
what is the hilum of the lung? (2)
* a triangular depression on the medial surface of each lung * various important structures enter and eit the lung here
50
what are the important structures that enter and exit the lung at the hilum? (6)
* bronchi * pulmonary arteries * pulmonary veins * bronchial arteries and veins * lymphatic vessels * nerves
51
what is the mediastinum? (3)
* a central compartment within the thoracic cavity * * Responsible for housing and protecting vital organs * facilitates communication and transport of blood, air and food between these regions
52
what are the 2 main parts of the mediastinum
superior mediastinum inferior mediastinum
53
what direction does the muscle fibres of the external oblique muscles run? (2)
downward and medial
54
what direction does the internal oblique muscles run? (2)
upward and medially
55
what direction do the fibres of the transversus abdominis muscle run?
horiontally (transverse)
56
location of the superior mediastinum (1)
above level of pericardium
57
what is the pericardium? (1)
the sac surrounding the heart
58
what does the superior mediastinum contain? (4)
* aortic arch * brachiocephalic veins * trachea * oesophagus
59
what are the 3 parts of the inferior mediastinum?
* anterior * middle * posterior
60
what does the anterior mediastinum contain? (3)
* fat * lymph nodes * connective tissue
61
what does the middle mediastinum contain? (4)
* heart * pericardium * aorta * pulmonary vessels
62
what does the posterior mediastinum contain? (6)
* oesophagus * thoracic aorta * thoracic duct * lymph nodes * azygos vein * hemiazygos vein
63
the boarders of the mediastinum? (5)
lateral - medial aspect of pleural cavitys superior - thoracic inlet inferior - diaphragm posterior - thoracic vertebrae column anterior - sternum
64
where does the aorta emerge from?
the left ventricle of the heart
65
branches of the ascending aorta:
* coronary arteries
66
what sits right of the ascending aorta?
the vena cava
67
what connects the pulmonary arteries to the aortic arch?
the ligamentum arteriosum
68
what is located beneath the aortic arch? (3)
* the pulmonary trunk (divides into pulmonary arteries) * the left main bronchus * left pulmonary veins
69
the 3 major arteries that arise from the aortic arch:
1. brachiocephalic trunk 2. left common carotid artery 3. left subclavian artery
70
what does the brachiocephalic trunk divide and form? (2)
* the right subclavian artery * the right common carotid artery
71
what does the right common carotid artery supply?
right side of head and neck
72
what are the 3 main branches of the subclavian artery?
* the thyrocervical * the vertebral * the internal thoracic
73
what is the passage of the left subclaian artery? (2)
* arches over upper rib * passes behind anterior scalene muscle
74
what branches does the descending aorta give off?
* posterior intercostal arteries
75
what intercostal spaces does the posterior intercostal arteries not supply?
the first 2
76
the internal thoracic artery: its path, what it supplies, and its distal continuation name:
* runs down inside of posterior chest wall * supplies anterior chest wall with blood * distal continuation is the superior epigastric artery
77
what does the superior epigastric artery supply?
the anterior abdominal wall
78
what are the principle veins of the thorax? (6)
* superior vena cava * inferior vena cava * Brachiocephalic veins * azygous veins * hemiazygous vein and accessory hemiazygous veins * internal thoracic veins
79
what are the major veins which contribute to the superior vena cava? (2)
subclavian vein internal jugular vein
80
what part of the body is the subclavian vein the principle vein for?
the upper extremity (upper liimbs)
81
what is the internal jugular vein the principle vein for?
* the head and neck
82
# the name of the vein what does the anastamoses of the subclavian and internal jugular vein form?
the brachiocephalic vein
83
where do the subclavian vein and the internal jugular vein connect?
behind the medial end of the clavicle
84
what to veins form the superior vena cava?
the 2 brachiocephalic veins (from either side of body)
85
what separates the subclavian vein and artery?
the anterior scalene muscle
86
what does the azygous vein drain into?
the superior vena cava
87
path of the azygous vein: (3)
* runs up right side of vertebral column * arches over right main bronchus * drains into superior vena cava
88
where does the azygous vein receive blood from?
* posterior and lateral parts of chest wall
89
what are the tributaries of the azygous vein, and what they specifically drain: (3)
* hemiazygous vein - drains lower left side of thoracic wall * accessory hemiazygous vein - drains middle left side of thoracic wall * right posterior intercostal veins - right side of thoracic wall
90
why is the left and right side drainage into the azygous vein different?
* on the left side, posterior intercostal veins empty into hemiazygous veins before draining into the azygous vein
91
what is large, inferior or superior vena cava?
inferior vena cava
92
the main 4 nerves of the thorax:
* vagus nerve * phrenic nerve * sympathetic trunk * intercostal nerves
93
vagus nerve supply (2)
* parasympathetic supply to all organs of thorax and abdomen
94
phrenic nerve supply: (2)
* motor and sensory nerves of the diaphragm
95
the main nerves of the sympathetic trunk: (2)
* rami communicantes * splanchnic nerves
96
path of the sympathetic trunk: (2)
* runs down vertebral column * from T1 down to sacrum
97
what do the rami communicantees do? (1)
* connect the sympathetic trunk and anterior rami of the spinal nerves
98
what do the splanchnic nerves do? (2)
* innervate the internal organs * conveys autonomic and sensory innervation
99
what do the intercostal nerves do? (2)
* motor innervation - intercostal muscles * sensory innervation - chest wall
100
what do the intercostal nerves run closely with?
* the intercostal blood vessels
101
similarites of the vagus and phrenic nerve route: (3)
* starts in neck * runs downwards in medistinum * runs through diaphragm
102
how to tell difference between phrenic nerve and vagus nerve path:
* phrenic nerve is slightly more lateral
103
what is tension pneumothorax? (2)
* a condition where air enters the pleural space and cannot escape due to external physical injury * can cause collapsed lung
104
how can tension pneumothorax be treated?
decompression needles
105
pneumonic to remember the contents of the superior mediastinum
BATS & TENT
106
BATS & TENT pneumonic:
**B**rachiocephalic veins **A**rch of aorta branches **T**hymus **S**uperior vena cava **T**horacic duct O**e**seophagus **N**erves (vagus, phrenic, recurrent laryngeal) **T**rachea
107
where the tricuspid, pulmonary valve, aortic valve, and mitral valve are located:
tricuspid - right atrium to right ventricle pulmonary valve - right ventricle to pulmonary artery aortic valve - left ventricle to aorta mitral valge - left atrium to left ventricle
108
what are the 4 valves of the heart?
* tricuspid valve * pulmonary valve * aortic valve * mitral valve
109
how many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium, and from where?
4 * 2 from left lung * 2 from right lung
110
what does the right coronary artery divide into?
* the posterior descending artery * acute marginal artery
111
where does the right coronary artery arise from?
* the right aortic sinus
112
what does the right coronary artery supply? (4)
* right atrium * right ventricle * sinoatrial node * atrioventricular node
113
what does the left coronary artery divide into?
* left anterior descending coronary artery * circumflex coronary artery
114
where does the left coronary artery arise?
left aortic sinus
115
what does the left coronary artery supply?
* left atrium * left ventricle
116
what usually surrounds and hides the coronary arteries?
* epicardial fat
117
what are the coronary veins (6)
* coronary sinus * small cardiac vein * middle cardiac vein * posterior vein * great cardiac vein * anterior vein
118
what is the only coronary vein that does not drain into the coronary sinus, and where does it drain instead?
anterior vein drains dirrecly into right atirum
119
the coronary sinus, location, job, and size:
* left side of heart * brings deoxygenated blood from heart muscle cells to right atrium * largest coronary vein
120
the small cardiac vein: location, where it drains, where it brings blood from
* right side of the heart * joins to coronary sinus * brings deoxygenated blood from right atrium
121
middle cardiac vein: location, where it brings blood from
* most medial vein of heart * brings deoxygenated bood from right ventricle
122
posterior vein: location and where it brings blood from?
* left side * brings deoxygenated blood from left ventricle
123
great cardiac vein: location and where it brings blood from:
* left side * deoxygenated blood from left atrium
124
what are the 3 veins seen on the front of the heart
* small cardiac vein * anterior vein * great cardiac vein
125
what are the right and left atrium connected by?
the interatrial septum
126
what are the right and left ventricle seperated by?
the interventricular septum
127
what are trabeculae carnae? (4)
* intersecting bands of muscle found in the heart * primarily the ventricles * help prevent suction and aid in pumping action * form dense criss-cross pattern over most of ventricular wall
128
how many cusps does the tricuspid valve have, and what are they called?
3 * septal * anterior * posterior
129
what are chordae tendinae? (3)
* tendon like material attached to the edge of valve cusps in the heart * arise from papillary muscles from the ventricle wall * prevent cusps from prolapsing back into atrium during dystole
130
what is the infundibulum? (3)
* the tapering part of the right ventricle * leads to the pulmonary valve * has a smooth lining unlike rest of right ventricle
131
what is the infundibulum also known as?
the conus
132
what is cardiomegaly?
an abnormal enlargment of the heart
133
how cardiomegaly is diagnosed? (2)
* through X-ray * the hearts shadow is large than half of the thoracic shadow
134
the wall thickness of the ventricles comparison:
* left ventricle wall is much thicker
135
what are the two cusps of the mitral valve:
* anterior cusp * posterior cusp
136
what is the pericardial sac surrounding the heart attached to for stability? (4)
* anterior part - sternum by mediastinal fat * posterior - mediastinal strucutres by connective tissue * inferior - diaphragm * laterally - parietal pleura
137
thorcic level of the heart in the mediastinum:
T5-T8
138
location of the heart in the mediastinum relative to ribs:
* between 2nd and 6th ribs
139
location of the apex (base) of the heart: (2)
* 5th intercostal space * in left mid-clavicular line
140
what are auscultatory sites? (3)
* specific locations on the chest wall * where healthcare professionals listen with a stethoscope * to asscess sounds produced by the heart
141
what are the auscultatory sites of the heart: (4)
* aortic valve - right second intercostal space * pulmonary valve - left second intercostal space * tricuspid valve - left 4th, 5th intercostal spaces * mitral valve - apex beat, just below left nipple
142
what are the two layers of the pericardium of the heart:
* fibrous pericardium * serous pericardium
143
the fibrous pericardium: (4)
* outermost layer * tough * loose-fitting * inelastic
144
serous pericardium: (3)
* smooth * thin * double layered
145
what are the two layers of the serous pericardium, and their location:
* parietal - lines inside of fibrous pericardium (outer layer) * visceral- adheres to outside of heart (inner layer)
146
what is the space between the parietal and visceral layer of the serous pericardium called?
the pericardial space
147
the openings of the right atrium (4)
* the superior vena cava * the inferior vena cava * coronary sinus * impression for fossal ovalis
148
features of the wall of the right atrium: (2)
* pectinate muscles - thought to contribute to contraction * crista terminalis - serves as landmark for various structures in atrium, separating the posterior part of the right atrium
149
the classifications of valves: (2)
* semi-lunar valves = between ventricle and vesel leaving the heart * atrioventricular valves - between atrium and ventricle
150
what is the fossa ovalis? (2)
* a depression in the interatrial septum * formed by the closing of the foreamen ovale
151
what are the functions of chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and trabeculae carneae?
* chordae tendineae - stablises the valves * papillary muscles - pull valves open * trabceulae carneae - preevnt suction & facilitate contraction
152
what is the thoracic duct?
* a large important lymphatic channel
153
boundaries of the posterior mediastinum: (5)
* superior - sternal angle * inferior - diaphragm * anterior - pericardium * posterior - T5-T12 vertebrae * lateral - medial aspect of parietal pleural
154
what is the primary role of the lymphatic system? (3)
* absorbs extra fluid thats squeezed out of capillaries * which is not absorbed by venules * drains it back into circulatory system
155
what vessels does the lympathetic system drain the fluid back into the circulatory system? (2)
* internal jugular vein * subclavian vein
156
what ducts drain the lymphatic fluid into the circulatory system? (2)
* thoracic duct * right lymphatic duct
157
what is the innervation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve? (2)
* motor - all intrinsic muscles of larynx (except 1) * sensory innervation - mucosa of larynx below vocal cords
158
approx how much blood does the lympathetic system recover per day?
3 litres of blood
159
the main parts of the lymphatic system: (5)
* lymph * lymph nodes * mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTS) * lymphatic vessels * lymphoid organs
160
what is lymph? (1)
* the watery fluid that flows through the lymphatic system
161
what are lymph nodes, and what do they contain a large amount of?
* 'checkpoints' that monitor and cleanse lymph as it filters through * contains large amounts of lymphocytes
162
how many lymph nodes are there in the body?
600-700
163
where are lymphocytes matured and found?
* in loose reticular connective tissue (makes up large part of nodes)
164
# says it in the name! what are MALTs?
* lymphoid tissues found outside of lymphaetic vessels in mucus membrane
165
what are 3 examples of MALTs?
1. tonsils 2. peyer's patches 3. appendix MALT
166
what are the 2 lymphatic ducts?
* right lymphatic duct * thoracic duct
167
where does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph from (3), and where it drains into
* upper right torso, right arm and right side of head * drains into right internal jugular vein
168
where does the thoracic duct collect lymph from, and where it drains into?
* rest of body! * feeds into left subclavian vein
169
which of the lymphatic ducts are large?
the thoracic duct
170
what are considered the lymphoid organs? (4)
* spleen * thymus * adenoids * tonsils
171
what is the diaphragm made up of? (2)
* a thin continuous sheet of muscle * fibres of muscle convege to insert on a flat tendon (the central diaphragm tendon)
172
where is the line of attachment of the diaphragm? (3)
* bottom of sternum * trevels along the inside of the costal arch * travels to the tip of the 12th rib
173
what are the three important structures that pass through the diaphragm?
1. oesophagus 2. inferior vena cava 3. descending aorta
174
what are the holes of the diaphragm called? (3)
* the vena caval foramen * oseophageal hiatus * aortic opening
175
what is the thickening of the diaphragm on the opening of the oesophageal hiatus and aortic opening?
the Crus (pleural for crura)
176
the two crura: path and what it forms
* arches over the aortic opening * forms the median arcuate ligament * fibres cross over to surround oesophageal hiatus
177
what does the opening of the caval hiatus contain? (2)
* inferior vena cava * terminal branches of right phrenic nerve
178
what does the oesophageal hiatus contain? (3)
* oesophagus * right and left vagus nerves * oesophageal branches of the left gastric vessels
179
what does the aortic hiatus contain? (3)
* aorta * thoracic duct * azygous vein
180
how would you get a paralysed diaphragm?
* injury to the phrenic nerve
181
lobes and fissures of the right and left lung:
right: * 3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior * 2 fissues: horizontal, oblique left: * 2 lobes: superior and inferior, * 1 fissure - oblique
182
what are pleural recesses? (2)
* potential spaces within the pleural cavity where the parietal pleura folds back in on itself * allows for lung expansion during inspiration

Anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions