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Anatomy - year 1 > Thorax 2 (Cardiovascular System) - part 2 > Flashcards

Thorax 2 (Cardiovascular System) - part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is A?

A

Radial artery

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2
Q

The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is B?

A

Brachial artery

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3
Q

The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is C?

A

Subclavian artery

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4
Q

The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is D?

A

Ulnar artery

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5
Q

The picture shows arterial supply of the upper limbs, what is

A

Axillary artery

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6
Q

At what bony point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

Lateral border of 1st rib

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7
Q

In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into radial and ulnar artery?

A

Antecubital fossa

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8
Q

Of the radial and ulnar arteries, which is more superficial of the two?

A

Radial artery

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9
Q

What is A?

A

External iliac artery

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10
Q

What is B?

A

Deep femoral artery

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11
Q

What is C?

A

Popliteal artery

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12
Q

What is D?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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13
Q

What is E?

A

Posterior tibial

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14
Q

What is F?

A

Superficial femoral

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15
Q

What is A?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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16
Q

What is B?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

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17
Q

What artery is the femoral artery a distal continuation of?

A

External iliac artery

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18
Q

Where does the poplital artery branch into the anterior and posterior tibial artery?

A

Poplital fossa

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19
Q

What is the complete branching of the common iliac artery?

A

Common iliac - external iliac (internal iliac) - superficial femoral (deep femoral) - popliteal - anterior tibial (posterior tibial) - dorsalis pedis

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20
Q

What is the complete branching of the subclavian artery?

A

Subclavian - axillary - brachial - radial and ulnar

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21
Q

The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of what artery?

A

Anterior tibial artery

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22
Q

Where does the dorsalis pedis artery lie?

A

On the dorsum of the foot

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23
Q

The posterior tibial artery enters the sole of the foot inferior to which malleolus of the ankle?

A

Both left and right

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24
Q

What are the main pulse points of the body?

A

Carotid artery

Apex beat

Brachial artery

Abdominal aorta

Radial artery

Femoral artery

Poplital artery

Posterior tibial artery

Dorsalis pedis artery

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25
Q

What is A?

A

Carotid artery

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26
Q

What is B?

A

Apex beat

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27
Q

What is C?

A

Brachial artery

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28
Q

What is D?

A

Abdominal aorta

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29
Q

What is E?

A

Radial artery

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30
Q

What is F?

A

Femoral artery

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31
Q

What is G?

A

Popliteal artery

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32
Q

What is H?

A

Posterior tibiral artery

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33
Q

What is I?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

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34
Q

What are important superficial veins of the upper limbs?

A

Cephalic vein

Basilic vein

Median cubital veins

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35
Q

Where do deep veins of the upper limbs lie and what names do they have?

A

Alongisde their corresponding artery and take the same name

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36
Q

Where do the deep veins of the lower limbs lie and how are they named?

A

Alongside corresponding arteries and have the same names

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37
Q

Where do the superficial veins of the lower limbs drain into?

A

Deep veins

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38
Q

What are the superficial veins of the lower limbs?

A

Great saphenous vein

Small saphenous vein

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39
Q

What are some deep veins of the lower limbs?

A

Femoral vein

Popliteal vein

Posterior tibial vein

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40
Q

What is A?

A

Femoral vein

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41
Q

What is B?

A

Great saphenous vein

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42
Q
A
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43
Q

What is C?

A

Poplital vein

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44
Q

What is D?

A

Small saphenous vein

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45
Q

Into which deep vein does the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein

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46
Q

Into which deep vein does the small saphenous vein drain into?

A

Popliteal vein

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47
Q

What happens when veins become varicose?

A

Leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly so the valves do not work, allowing blood to flow backwards

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48
Q

What are the 2 main lymphatic ducts?

A

Thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duct

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49
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?

A

3/4ths of the body to the medial end of the left subclavian vein

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50
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from?

A

Right upper quadrant (1/4th) to the medial end of the right subclavian vein

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51
Q

Whre is the thoracic duct located?

A

On the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein adn the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

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52
Q

What does the thoracic duct commence as?

A

Cisterna chyli

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53
Q

What vertebral level does the thoracic duct commence at?

A

L1 as the cisterna chyli

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54
Q

What vertebral level does the thoracic duct cross the medial line from right to left?

A

T4

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55
Q

Where does the thoacic duct drain into?

A

Medial end of the left subclavian vein

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56
Q

What nodes are for lymphatic drainage of the chest wall?

A

Parasternal nodes

Phrenic nodes

Intercostal nodes

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57
Q

Where are parasternal nodes found?

A

Situated along the internal thoracic artery

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58
Q

Where do the parasternal nodes recieve lymphatic drainage from?

A

Medial part of the breast

Intercostal spaces

Costal pleura

Diaphragm

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59
Q

Where are the phrenic nodes found?

A

Situated on the thoracic surface of the diaphragm

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60
Q

Where do the phrenic nodes recieve lymphatics from?

A

Pericardium

Diaphragm

Liver

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61
Q

What do the phrenic nodes drain into?

A

Parastenal nodes

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62
Q

Where are the intercostal nodes found?

A

At the verebral end of the intercostal spaces

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63
Q

Where does lymph from the heart drain into?

A

Right inferior tracheobronchial nodes

Mediastinal (bronchopulmonary and paratracheal lymph nodes)

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64
Q

This picture shows the thoracic duct, what is A?

A

Azygos vein

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65
Q

This picture shows the thoracic duct, what is B?

A

Thoracic duct

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66
Q

This picture shows the thoracic duct, what is C?

A

Thoracic aorta

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67
Q

What is A?

A

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

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68
Q

What is B?

A

Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

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69
Q

What is A?

A

Right atrium

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70
Q

What is B?

A

Right ventricle

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71
Q

What is C?

A

Left ventricle

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72
Q

What is D?

A

Left atrium

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73
Q

What is E?

A

Aorta

74
Q

What is A?

A

Right atrium

75
Q

What is B?

A

Trachea

76
Q

What is C?

A

Aortic arch

77
Q

What is D?

A

Heart

78
Q

What is E?

A

Apex

79
Q

How is autonomic innervation directed to the heart and coronary arteries?

A

Cariac/cadiopulmonary plexus

80
Q

What is B?

A

AV node

81
Q

What spinal levels give sympathetic innervation to the heart and coronary arteries?

A

T1-T4

82
Q

What gives parasympathetic innervation to the heart and coronary arteries?

A

Vagas nerve

83
Q

What do motor fibres innervate within the heart wall?

A

Nodes (SA and AV nodes) to generate electrical impulses

84
Q

What are the nodes that nerves innervate within the heart wall known as?

A

Purkinje cells

85
Q

What are the branches of Purkinje cells called?

A

Purkinje fibres

86
Q

What is A?

A

SA node

87
Q
A
88
Q

What is C?

A

Cardiac muscle

89
Q

What do parasympathetic fibres within the heart wall act on?

A

SA and AV node

90
Q

What do sympathetic fibres within the heart wall act on?

A

SA and AV node

Cardiac muscle

91
Q

How does sensory and pain information travel back from the heart?

A

Spinal cord levels T1-T4 in the sympathetic nerves

92
Q

What is A?

A

SA node

93
Q

What is B?

A

Internodal pathways

94
Q

What is C?

A

AV node

95
Q

What is D?

A

Bundle of His

96
Q

What is E?

A

Purkinje fibres

97
Q

What is F?

A

Left bundle branches

98
Q

What is G?

A

Intra-atrial pathway

99
Q

Where does the SA node lie within the heart?

A

Near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium

100
Q

What does SA, for SA node, stand for?

A

Sinu-atrial node

101
Q

Where does the AV node lie within the heart?

A

Inferior part of the interatrial septum

102
Q

What does AV, for AV node, stand for?

A

Atrioventricular node

103
Q

Where does the atrioventricular bundle of His lie within the heart?

A

Within each side of the interventricular septum

104
Q

Why is pain from cardiac ischaemia sometimes felt in the left arm?

A

The pain travels back by T1-T4 spinal nerves, T1 also supplies the upper limbs

105
Q

What is knowledge of the surface anatomy of the heart essential for?

A

Diagnosis of cardiac enlargement

Location of the heart valves

Auscultation of the heart sounds

106
Q

What are the different borders of the heart?

A

Superior border

Inferior border

Right border

Left border

107
Q

What is A?

A

Right border

108
Q

What is B?

A

Inferior border

109
Q

What is C?

A

Apex

110
Q

What is D?

A

Left border

111
Q

What is E?

A

Superior border

112
Q

Where do the surface markings of the apex (apex beat) lie?

A

5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line

113
Q

How does the apex beat of children compare to adults?

A

More superiolateral

114
Q

What chambers form the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium and right ventricle

115
Q

What chambers form the left border of the heart?

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

116
Q

What chambers form the inferior border of the heart?

A

Right ventricle and left ventricle

117
Q

What chambers forms the superior border of the heart?

A

Right atrium and left atrium

118
Q

What chambers form the anterior/sternocostal surface of the heart?

A

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

119
Q

What chambers form the posterior/base surface of the heart?

A

Left atrium

120
Q

What chambers form the inferior/diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

121
Q

What is the anterior surface of the heart also known as?

A

Sternocostal surface

122
Q

What is the posterior surface of the heart also known as?

A

Base

123
Q

What is the inferior surface of the heart also known as?

A

Diaphragmatic

124
Q

What is A?

A

Manubrium

125
Q

What is B?

A

Aorta

126
Q

What is C?

A

Sternomanubrial joint

127
Q

What is D?

A

Heart

128
Q

What is E?

A

Xiphisternal joint

129
Q

What is F?

A

Diaphragm

130
Q

What vertebral level is the sternomanubrial joint?

A

T4

131
Q

What vertebral level is the xiphisternal joint?

A

T8/T9

132
Q

The heart is posterior to what bone?

A

Sternum

133
Q

The heart is anterior to what 4 vertebrae?

A

T5-T8

134
Q

What structure lies inferior to the heart?

A

Diaphragm

135
Q

What is A?

A

Pulmonary valve

136
Q

What is B?

A

Aortic valve

137
Q

What is C?

A

Mitral valve

138
Q

What is D?

A

Tricuspid valve

139
Q

In what order do the heart valves lie behind the sternum?

A

P-A-M-T

140
Q

Where do the sounds due to the hear valves roughly radiate to?

A

4 corners of the heart

141
Q

What is A?

A

Aortic valve

142
Q

What is B?

A

Tricuspid valve

143
Q

What is C?

A

Pulmonary valve

144
Q

What is D?

A

Mitral valve

145
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve auscultated?

A

2nd left intercostal space, parasternally

146
Q

Where is the aortic valve ausculated?

A

2nd righ intercostal space, parasternally

147
Q

Where is the mitral valve ausculated?

A

5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line (apex)

148
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve auscultated?

A

Over lower sternum, or just right to it

149
Q

What is A?

A

Right atrium

150
Q

What is B?

A

Oesophagus

151
Q

What is C?

A

Azygos vein

152
Q

What is D?

A

Right ventricle

153
Q

What is E?

A

Apex

154
Q

What is F?

A

Left ventricle

155
Q

What is G?

A

Descending aorta

156
Q

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel, from superficial to deep?

A

Tinuca adventita

Tunica media

Tunica intima

157
Q

What are the 3 main histological types of arteries?

A

Elastic arteries

Muscular arteries

Arterioles

158
Q

How can a slide of an artery be identified?

A

More round

Thick wall

Narrow lumen

159
Q

How can a slide of a vein be identified?

A

Irregular, thin wall

Wider lumen

160
Q

What is A?

A

Tunica media

161
Q

What is B?

A

Tunica adventitia

162
Q

What is C?

A

Nerve

163
Q

What is D?

A

Tunica media

164
Q

What is E?

A

Tunica adventitia

165
Q

What is F?

A

Artery

166
Q

What is G?

A

Artery lumen

167
Q

What is H?

A

Adipose tissue

168
Q

What is I?

A

Vein

169
Q

What is J?

A

Vein lumen

170
Q

Which of A and B is an elastic and muscular artery?

A

A - elastic artery

B - muscular artery

171
Q

What is the difference between the tunica intima of muscular and elastic arteries?

A

Muscular arteries have the presence of internal elastic lamina

172
Q

What is the difference between the tunica media of musclar and elastic arteries?

A

Muscular arteries is mainly smooth muscle

Elastic arteries have concentric fenestrated sheets of elastin and only a few smooth muscle fibres

173
Q

What is the difference between the tunica adventitia of muscular and elastic arteries?

A

Muscular has the presence of vaso vasorum and is a broad layer

174
Q

What is vaso vasorum?

A

Network of small blood vessels that supplies the walls of blood vessels

175
Q

What type of artery is the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Elastic

Conducting

176
Q

What type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries?

A

Muscular

Distributing

177
Q

What type of tissue predominate in the tunica media of arterioles?

A

Smooth muscle

178
Q

Are elastic arteries conducting or distributing?

A

Conducting

179
Q

Are muscular arteries conducting or distributing?

A

Distributing

180
Q

What layer are valves formed from?

A

Tunica intima of the vessel

Anatomy - year 1 (17 decks)

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