Thorax 4

Question 1

What are vital organs of respiration?

Answer 1

lungs

Question 2

main function of the lungs is to ______ the blood by bringing inspired air into close relation with the venous blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

Answer 2

oxygenate

Question 3

Although cadaveric lungs may be shrunken, firm or hard to the touch, and discolored in appearance, healthy lungs in living people are normally light, soft, and spongy, and fully occupy the _______

Answer 3

pulmonary cavities.

Question 4

Lungs are also elastic and _____ to approximately one third their size when the thoracic cavity is opened.

Answer 4

recoil

Question 5

The lungs are separated from each other by the ___, to which they are attached by the roots of the lungs - that is, the bronchi (and associated bronchial vessels), pulmonary arteries, superior and inferior pulmonary veins, the pulmonary plexuses of nerves (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral afferent fibers), and lymphatic vessels.

Answer 5

mediastinum

Question 6

If the root is sectioned before the (medial to) branching of the main (primary) bronchus and pulmonary artery, its general arrangement is:
________, superiormost on left (the superior lobar bronchus may be superiormost on the right).

Answer 6

Pulmonary artery

Question 7

After pulmonary artery in the arrangement of the lung:

Superior and inferior _____, anteriormost and inferiormost, respectively.

Answer 7

pulmonary veins

Question 8

After pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins, general arrangement of the lung:
____, against and approximately in the middle of the posterior boundary, with the bronchial vessels immediately surrounding.

Answer 8

Bronchus

Question 9

What artery carries deoxygenated blood?

Answer 9

pulmonary artery

Question 10

In the _____ veins, deoxygenated blood is coming from the blood tissue.

Answer 10

Bronchial veins

Question 11

Medial to the hilum, the root is enclosed within the area of continuity between the parietal and the visceral layers of _____ - the pleural sleeve, or mesopneumonium (mesentery of the lung).

Answer 11

Pleura

Question 12

The ______ of the lung is a wedge-shaped area of the medial surface of each lung, the point at which the structures forming the root enter and leave the lung

Answer 12

hilum

Question 13

Visceral pleura becomes the _______.

Answer 13

parietal pleura

Question 14

_______ = pleural sleeve in the area. Should be folding which is called the pleural sleeve. Hilum of the lung

Answer 14

Pleural fold

Question 15

The _____ and ______ fissures divide the lungs into lobes.

Answer 15

horizontal, oblique

Question 16

The right lung has how many lobes?

Answer 16

3

Question 17

The left lung has how many lobes?

Answer 17

2

Question 18

The right lung is larger and heavier than the left, but it is shorter and wider because the right dome of the diaphragm is higher and the heart and pericardium bulge more to the ______.

Answer 18

left

Question 19

The anterior border of the right lung is relatively _____, whereas this border of the left lung has a deep cardiac notch, an indentation consequent to the deviation of the apex of the heart to the left side.

Answer 19

straight

Question 20

The deep cardiac ______ primarily indents the anteroinferior aspect of the superior lobe of the left lung.

Answer 20

notch

Question 21

This indentation often creates a thin, tongue-like process of the superior lobe, the ______, which extends below the cardiac notch and slides in and out of the costomediastinal recess during inspiration and expiration.

Answer 21

lingula

Question 22

Lingula is NOT part of inferior lobe, it is a part of the _____ lobe.

Answer 22

superior

Question 23

Each lung has an ___, the blunt superior end of the lung ascending above the level of the 1st rib into the root of the neck that is covered by cervical pleura.

Answer 23

apex

Question 24

Each lung has three surfaces:

Answer 24

costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic

Question 25

Each lung has three borders:

Answer 25

anterior, inferior, and posterior

Question 26

The lungs of a preserved cadaver, usually firm to the touch, have impressions that are formed by the structures adjacent to them, such as the ____

Answer 26

ribs

Question 27

These markings/impressions on the ____ of a preserved cadaver provide clues to the relationships of the lungs; however, they are not visible during surgery or in fresh cadaveric or postmortem specimens.

Answer 27

lungs

Question 28

The ____ ____ of the lung is large, smooth, and convex. It is related to the costal pleura, which separates it from the ribs, costal cartilages, and the innermost intercostal muscles.

Answer 28

costal surface

Question 29

The ________ of the costal surface is related to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and is sometimes referred to as the vertebral part of the costal surface.

Answer 29

posterior part

Question 30

The _____ ____ of the lung is concave because it is related to the middle mediastinum, which contains the pericardium and heart.

Answer 30

mediastinal surface

Question 31

The mediastinal surface includes the ___ and thus receives the root of the lung, around which the pleura forms the pleural sleeve.

Answer 31

hilum

Question 32

The pulmonary ligament hangs inferiorly from the _____ ____ around the lung root.

Answer 32

pleural sleeve

Question 33

Because 2/3 of heart lies on L side of midline, the cardiac impression on the mediastinal surface of the L lung is much ____

Answer 33

larger.

Question 34

If preserved, there is a groove for the esophagus and a cardiac impression for the heart on the mediastinal surface of the ____ lung.

Answer 34

right

Question 35

The mediastinal surface of the left lung also features a prominent, continuous groove for the _______ and the descending (thoracic) aorta as well as a smaller groove for the esophagus.

Answer 35

arch of the aorta

Question 36

The ____ _____ of the lung, which is also concave, forms the base of the lung, which rests on the dome of the diaphragm.

Answer 36

diaphragmatic surface

Question 37

The concavity is deeper in the right ____ because of the higher position of the right diaphragmatic dome, which overlies the large liver.

Answer 37

lung

Question 38

Laterally and posteriorly, the diaphragmatic surface is bounded by a thin, sharp margin (inferior border) that projects into the costodiaphragmatic ____ of the pleura.

Answer 38

recess

Question 39

The _____ _______ of the lung is where the costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly and overlap the heart; the cardiac notch indents this border of the left lung.

Answer 39

anterior border

Question 40

The ____ ____ of the lung circumscribes the diaphragmatic surface of the lung and separates this surface from the costal and mediastinal surfaces.

Answer 40

inferior border

Question 41

The ____ ____ of the lung is where the costal and mediastinal surfaces meet posteriorly; it is broad and rounded and lies in the cavity at the side of the thoracic region of the vertebral column.

Answer 41

posterior border

Question 42

The lungs are light pink in healthy children and people who are non-smokers and live in a ___ environment.

Answer 42

clean

Question 43

The lungs are commonly ___ and ___ in most adults who live in either urban or agricultural areas, especially those who smoke, because of the accumulation of carbon and dust particles in the air and irritants in tobacco that are inhaled.

Answer 43

dark and spotty

Question 44

The lungs are capable of accumulating a considerable amount of ____ without being adversely affected.

Answer 44

carbon

Question 45

Lymph from the lungs carries special ‘dust cells’( ____) that remove carbon from the gas-exchanging surfaces and deposit it in the ‘inactive’ connective tissue, which supports the lung or in lymph nodes receiving lymph from the lungs.

Answer 45

(phagocytes)

Question 46

____ of the lungs (listening to their sounds with a stethoscope) and percussion of the thorax (tapping the thorax over the lungs with the fingers to detect sounds in the lungs) are important techniques of physical examination.

Answer 46

Auscultation

Question 47

Auscultation assesses airflow through the ____ tree into the lobes of the lung.

Answer 47

tracheobronchial

Question 48

_____ helps establish whether the underlying tissues are air filled (resonant sound), fluid filled (dull sound), or solid (flat sound).

Answer 48

Percussion

Question 49

An awareness of normal anatomy, particularly the projection of the lungs and the portions that are overlapped by bone with associated muscles (e.g., the _____) enable the examiner to know where flat and resonant sounds should be expected.

Answer 49

scapula

Question 50

Auscultation and percussion should always include the root of the neck where the ____ of the lungs are located.

Answer 50

apices