Thorax anatomy-Thoracic cavity(Snell's Clinical Anatomy By Regions 10th Edition) Flashcards

Question

What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?

Answer 1

(1)Arteries:Thoracic part of the descending aorta. (2)Veins: Azygos & Hemi-azygos vein (3)Nerves:(a)Vagus nerve (b)Thoracic splanchnic nerve (4)Oesophagus (5)Lymph structures:(a)Thoracic duct (b)Some LNs.

Answer 2

Location:which lies between the pericardium and the vertebral column. Contents:(1)Arteries:Thoracic part of the descending aorta. (2)Veins: Azygos & Hemi-azygos vein (3)Nerves:(a)Vagus nerve (b)Thoracic splanchnic nerve (4)Oesophagus (5)Lymph structures:(a)Thoracic duct (b)Some LNs.

Answer 3

which lies between (1)the pericardium and | (2)the vertebral column.

Answer 4

(1)Arteries:Thoracic part of the descending aorta. (2)Veins: Azygos & Hemi-azygos vein (3)Nerves:(a)Vagus nerve (b)Thoracic splanchnic nerve (4)Oesophagus (5)Lymph structures:(a)Thoracic duct (b)Some LNs.

Answer 5

Symptoms:Shock and breathlessness This condition reveals itself by the patient being breathless and in a state of shock. Signs:Mediastinum displacement (1)If air enters the pleural cavity (a condition called pneumothorax), the lung on that side immediately collapses and the mediastinum is displaced to the opposite side. (2)On examination, the trachea. and the heart are displaced to the opposite side.

Answer 6

1)The structures that make up the mediastinum are embedded in loose connective tissue that is continuous with that of the root of the neck. Thus, it is possible for a deep infection of the neck to spread readily into the thorax producing mediastinitis 2) Penetrating wounds of the chest Involving the oesophagus may produce a mediastinitis.

Answer 7

Because many vital structures are crowded together with the mediastinum, their functions can be interfered with by an enlarging tumor or organ. A tumor of the left lung can rapidly spread to involve the mediastinal lymph nodes, which on enlargement may compress the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, producing paralysis of the left vocal fold. An expanding cyst or tumor can partially occlude the superior vena cava, causing severe congestion of the vetns of the upper part of the body. Other pressure effects can be seen on the sympathetic: trunks, phrenic nerves, and sometimes the trachea, main bronchi, and oesophagus.

Answer 8

Mediastinoscopy is a diagnostic procedure whereby specimens of tracheobronchial lymph nodes are obtained without opening the pleural cavities. A small incision is made in the midline in the neck just above the suprasternal notch, and the superior mediastinum is explored down to the region of the bifurcation of the trachea. The procedure can be used to determine the diagnosis and degree of spread of carcinoma of the bronchus

Answer 9

.Def:serous membrane which folds back upon itself to form a two-layered, membranous structure. .Location:The paired pleurae and lungs lie:(1)on either side of the mediastinum (2)within the thoracic cavity .Division: 1st/Pleural membrane:Each pleural membrane has two parts: I)a parietal layer: +Def:The outer pleura (parietal pleura) that is attached to the chest wall. +Function: (1)The parietal layer lines the thoracic wall (2)Covers the(a)thoracic surface of the diaphragm (b)lateral aspect of the mediastinum +Extension: extends into the root of the neck to line the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane at the thoracic outlet. +Classification: For purposes of description, the parietal pleura is divided according to the region in which it lies or the surface that it covers: I)The cervical pleura (cupula) Features:(1)Extends up into the neck, lining the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane. (2)It reaches a level of 1 to 1.5 ln. (2.5 to 4 cm) above the medial third of the clavicle. Surface anatomy:(1)bulges upward into the neck and has a surface marking identical to that of the apex of the lung. (2)A curved line may be drawn, convex upward, from the sternoclavicular joint to a point 1 in. (2.5 em) above the junction of the medial and intermediate thirds of the clavicle II)The costal pleura lines:(1)the inner surfaces of the ribs, (2)the costal cartilages, (3)the intercostal spaces, (4)the sides of the vertebral bodies, and (5)the back of the sternum. III)The diaphragmatic pleura Df:covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm. Variation with breathing-In quiet respiration=the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae are in apposition to each other below the lower border of the lung. In deep inspiration=the lower margins of the base of the lungs descend into the recesses,and the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae separate. IV)The mediastinal pleura Location:covers and forms the lateral boundary of the mediastinum. Function:It reflects as a cuff around the vessels and bronchi at the hilum of the lung and here becomes continuous with the visceral pleura. V)Lung root:Each lung lies free except at its hilum, where it is attached to the blood vessels and bronchi that constitute the lung root. VI)The costodiaphragmatic recess Df: This lower area of the pleural cavity into which the lung expands on inspiration is referred to as the costodiaphragmatic recess Location: between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae that are separated only by a capillary layer of pleural fluid. Shape: slitlike spaces Variations with breathing-During full inspiration=the lungs expand and fill the pleural cavities. During quiet inspiration=the lungs do not fully occupy the pleural cavities at four sites,the right and left costodiaphragmatic and the right and left costomediastinal recesses. V)The costomediastinal recesses Location:are situated along the anterior margins of the pleura. Shape:They are slitlike spaces between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleurae, which are separated by a capillary layer of pleural fluid. Variation with breathing:During inspiration and expiration, the anterior borders of the lungs slide in and out of the recesses. Surface anatomy:The distance between the two borders corresponds to the costodiaphragmatic recess II)The visceral layer: Def:the inner pleura (visceral pleura) that covers the lungs and adjoining structures, i.e. blood vessels, bronchi and nerves. Features: It is thinner than the parietal layer Function:completely covers the outer surface of the lung Extension:extends into the depths of the interlobar fissures 2nd/Pulmonary ligament +Df:The two layers are continuous with one another via a cuff of pleura that surrounds the structures entering and leaving the hilum at the hilum of each lung This cuff hangs down as a loose fold called the pulmonary ligament +Function:allows for movement of the pulmonary vessels and large bronchi during respiration 3rd/Pleural cavity +Def:The thin space between the two pleural layers +Shape: a slitlike space +Function:(1)The parietal and visceral layers of pleura are separated from one another by, the pleural cavity. (2)The pleural cavity normally contains only a small amount of tissue fluid, the pleural fluid. +Other names:Pleural space Clinicians are increasingly using the term pleural space instead of the anatomic term pleural cavity. This is probably to avoid the confusion between the pleural cavity [slitlike] space and the larger thoracic cavity 4th/Pleural fluid: +Function:(1)covers the surfaces of the pleura as a thin film, which causes surface tension adhesion of the pleural layers and permits them to move on each other with minimal friction. Thus, the pleural cavity is a potential space under normal conditions and is discernible only under abnormal conditions (e.g., when the lung is displaced by air or excess fluid). (2)lubricates the apposing surfaces of the visceral and parietal pleurae during respiratory movements. +Amount:The pleural cavity normally contains 5 to 10 mL of clear fluid +Formation:(1)Hydrostatic and osmotic pressures stimulate formation of the fluid. (2)Because the hydrostatic pressures are greater in the capillaries of the parietal pleura than in the capillaries of the visceral pleura (pulmonary circulation), the capillaries of the visceral pleura normally absorb the pleural fluid. Surface anatomy of the pleura 1st/The lines of pleural reflections Def: The lines, which indicate the limits of the parietal pleura where it lies close to the body surface, are referred to as the lines of pleural reflection Significance:(1)The boundaries of the pleural sac can be marked out as lines on the surface of the body. (2)Recognizing the surface markings of the pleural reflections and the lobes of the lungs is important. The clinician should have a mental image of the structures that lie beneath the stethoscope when listening to the breath sounds of the respiratory tract. 2nd/Borders of the pleura I) The anterior border of the right pleura:runs down behind the sternoclavicular joint, almost reaching the midline behind the sternal angle. It then continues downward until it reaches the xiphisternal joint. II) The anterior border of the left pleura:has a similar course, but at the level of the fourth costal cartilage, it deviates laterally and extends to the lateral margin of the sternum to form the cardiac notch. (Note that the pleural cardiac notch is not as large as the cardiac notch of the lung.) It then turns sharply downward to the xiphisternal joint III) The lower border of the pleura:on both sides follows a curved line, which crosses the eighth rib in the midclavicular line and the 10th rib in the midaxillary line, and reaches the 12th rib adjacent to the vertebral column that is, at the lateral border of the erector spinae muscle. Note that the lower margins of the lungs cross the 6th, 8th, and lOth ribs at the midclavicular lines, the midaxillary lines, and the sides of the vertebral column, respectively; the lower margins of the pleura cross, at the same points, the 8th, l0th,and 12th ribs, respectively. IV) The costodiaphragmatic recess:The distance between the two borders corresponds to the costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 10

serous membrane which folds back upon itself to form a two-layered, membranous structure.

Answer 11

The paired pleurae and lungs lie:(1)on either side of the mediastinum (2)within the thoracic cavity

Answer 12

.Division: 1st/Pleural membrane:Each pleural membrane has two parts: I)a parietal layer: +Function: (1)The parietal layer lines the thoracic wall (2)Covers the(a)thoracic surface of the diaphragm (b)lateral aspect of the mediastinum +Extension: extends into the root of the neck to line the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane at the thoracic outlet. +Classification: For purposes of description, the parietal pleura is divided according to the region in which it lies or the surface that it covers: I)The cervical pleura (cupula) (1)Extends up into the neck, lining the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane. (2)It reaches a level of 1 to 1.5 ln. (2.5 to 4 cm) above the medial third of the clavicle. II)The costal pleura lines:(1)the inner surfaces of the ribs, (2)the costal cartilages, (3)the intercostal spaces, (4)the sides of the vertebral bodies, and (5)the back of the sternum. III)The diaphragmatic pleura Df:covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm. Variation with breathing-In quiet respiration=the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae are in apposition to each other below the lower border of the lung. In deep inspiration=the lower margins of the base of the lungs descend into the recesses,and the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae separate. IV)The mediastinal pleura Location:covers and forms the lateral boundary of the mediastinum. Function:It reflects as a cuff around the vessels and bronchi at the hilum of the lung and here becomes continuous with the visceral pleura. V)Lung root:Each lung lies free except at its hilum, where it is attached to the blood vessels and bronchi that constitute the lung root. VI)The costodiaphragmatic recess Df: This lower area of the pleural cavity into which the lung expands on inspiration is referred to as the costodiaphragmatic recess Location: between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae that are separated only by a capillary layer of pleural fluid. Shape: slitlike spaces Variations with breathing-During full inspiration=the lungs expand and fill the pleural cavities. During quiet inspiration=the lungs do not fully occupy the pleural cavities at four sites,the right and left costodiaphragmatic and the right and left costomediastinal recesses. V)The costomediastinal recesses Location:are situated along the anterior margins of the pleura. Shape:They are slitlike spaces between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleurae, which are separated by a capillary layer of pleural fluid. Variation with breathing:During inspiration and expiration, the anterior borders of the lungs slide in and out of the recesses. II)The visceral layer: Features: It is thinner than the parietal layer Function:completely covers the outer surface of the lung Extension:extends into the depths of the interlobar fissures 2nd/Pulmonary ligament +Df:The two layers are continuous with one another via a cuff of pleura that surrounds the structures entering and leaving the hilum at the hilum of each lung This cuff hangs down as a loose fold called the pulmonary ligament +Function:allows for movement of the pulmonary vessels and large bronchi during respiration 3rd/Pleural cavity +Shape: a slitlike space +Function:(1)The parietal and visceral layers of pleura are separated from one another by, the pleural cavity. (2)The pleural cavity normally contains only a small amount of tissue fluid, the pleural fluid. +Other names:Pleural space Clinicians are increasingly using the term pleural space instead of the anatomic term pleural cavity. This is probably to avoid the confusion between the pleural cavity [slitlike] space and the larger thoracic cavity 4th/Pleural fluid: +Function:(1)covers the surfaces of the pleura as a thin film, which causes surface tension adhesion of the pleural layers and permits them to move on each other with minimal friction. Thus, the pleural cavity is a potential space under normal conditions and is discernible only under abnormal conditions (e.g., when the lung is displaced by air or excess fluid). (2)lubricates the apposing surfaces of the visceral and parietal pleurae during respiratory movements. +Amount:The pleural cavity normally contains 5 to 10 mL of clear fluid +Formation:(1)Hydrostatic and osmotic pressures stimulate formation of the fluid. (2)Because the hydrostatic pressures are greater in the capillaries of the parietal pleura than in the capillaries of the visceral pleura (pulmonary circulation), the capillaries of the visceral pleura normally absorb the pleural fluid.

Answer 13

Each pleural membrane has two parts: I)a parietal layer: +Function: (1)The parietal layer lines the thoracic wall (2)Covers the(a)thoracic surface of the diaphragm (b)lateral aspect of the mediastinum +Extension: Extends into the root of the neck to line the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane at the thoracic outlet. +Classification: For purposes of description, the parietal pleura is divided according to the region in which it lies or the surface that it covers: I)The cervical pleura (cupula) (1)Extends up into the neck, lining the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane. (2)It reaches a level of 1 to 1.5 ln. (2.5 to 4 cm) above the medial third of the clavicle. II)The costal pleura lines:(1)the inner surfaces of the ribs, (2)the costal cartilages, (3)the intercostal spaces, (4)the sides of the vertebral bodies, and (5)the back of the sternum. III)The diaphragmatic pleura Df:covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm. Variation with breathing-In quiet respiration=the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae are in apposition to each other below the lower border of the lung. In deep inspiration=the lower margins of the base of the lungs descend into the recesses,and the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae separate. IV)The mediastinal pleura Location:covers and forms the lateral boundary of the mediastinum. Function:It reflects as a cuff around the vessels and bronchi at the hilum of the lung and here becomes continuous with the visceral pleura. V)Lung root:Each lung lies free except at its hilum, where it is attached to the blood vessels and bronchi that constitute the lung root. VI)The costodiaphragmatic recess Df: This lower area of the pleural cavity into which the lung expands on inspiration is referred to as the costodiaphragmatic recess Location: between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae that are separated only by a capillary layer of pleural fluid. Shape: slitlike spaces Variations with breathing-During full inspiration=the lungs expand and fill the pleural cavities. During quiet inspiration=the lungs do not fully occupy the pleural cavities at four sites,the right and left costodiaphragmatic and the right and left costomediastinal recesses. V)The costomediastinal recesses Location:are situated along the anterior margins of the pleura. Shape:They are slitlike spaces between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleurae, which are separated by a capillary layer of pleural fluid. Variation with breathing:During inspiration and expiration, the anterior borders of the lungs slide in and out of the recesses. II)The visceral layer: Features: It is thinner than the parietal layer Function:completely covers the outer surface of the lung Extension:extends into the depths of the interlobar fissures

Answer 14

(1) The parietal layer lines the thoracic wall (2) Covers the(a)thoracic surface of the diaphragm (b) lateral aspect of the mediastinum

Answer 15

extends into the root of the neck to line the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane at the thoracic outlet.

Answer 16

For purposes of description, the parietal pleura is divided according to the region in which it lies or the surface that it covers: I)The cervical pleura (cupula) (1)Extends up into the neck, lining the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane. (2)It reaches a level of 1 to 1.5 in. (2.5 to 4 cm) above the medial third of the clavicle. II)The costal pleura lines:(1)the inner surfaces of the ribs, (2)the costal cartilages, (3)the intercostal spaces, (4)the sides of the vertebral bodies, and (5)the back of the sternum. III)The diaphragmatic pleura Df:covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm. Variation with breathing-In quiet respiration=the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae are in apposition to each other below the lower border of the lung. In deep inspiration=the lower margins of the base of the lungs descend into the recesses,and the costal and diaphragmatic pleura separate. IV)The mediastinal pleura Location:covers and forms the lateral boundary of the mediastinum. Function:It reflects as a cuff around the vessels and bronchi at the hilum of the lung and here becomes continuous with the visceral pleura. V)Lung root:Each lung lies free except at its hilum, where it is attached to the blood vessels and bronchi that constitute the lung root. VI)The costodiaphragmatic recess Df: This lower area of the pleural cavity into which the lung expands on inspiration is referred to as the costodiaphragmatic recess Location: between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae that are separated only by a capillary layer of pleural fluid. Shape: slitlike spaces Variations with breathing-During full inspiration=the lungs expand and fill the pleural cavities. During quiet inspiration=the lungs do not fully occupy the pleural cavities at four sites,the right and left costodiaphragmatic and the right and left costomediastinal recesses. V)The costomediastinal recesses Location:are situated along the anterior margins of the pleura. Shape:They are slitlike spaces between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleurae, which are separated by a capillary layer of pleural fluid. Variation with breathing:During inspiration and expiration, the anterior borders of the lungs slide in and out of the recesses.

Answer 17

(1)Extends up into the neck, lining the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane. (2)It reaches a level of 1 to 1.5 ln. (2.5 to 4 cm) above the medial third of the clavicle.

Answer 18

The costal pleura lines:(1)the inner surfaces of the ribs, (2) the costal cartilages, (3) the intercostal spaces, (4) the sides of the vertebral bodies, and (5) the back of the sternum.

Answer 19

Df:covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm. Variation with breathing-In quiet respiration=the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae are in apposition to each other below the lower border of the lung. In deep inspiration=the lower margins of the base of the lungs descend into the recesses,and the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae separate.

Answer 20

covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm.

Answer 21

In quiet respiration=the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae are in apposition to each other below the lower border of the lung. In deep inspiration=the lower margins of the base of the lungs descend into the recesses,and the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae separate.

Answer 22

the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae are in apposition to each other below the lower border of the lung.

Answer 23

the lower margins of the base of the lungs descend into the recesses,and the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae separate.

Answer 24

Location:covers and forms the lateral boundary of the mediastinum. Function:It reflects as a cuff around the vessels and bronchi at the hilum of the lung and here becomes continuous with the visceral pleura.

Answer 25

covers and forms the lateral boundary of the mediastinum.

Answer 26

It reflects as a cuff around the vessels and bronchi at the hilum of the lung and here becomes continuous with the visceral pleura.

Answer 27

Each lung lies free except at its hilum, where it is attached to the blood vessels and bronchi that constitute the lung root.

Answer 28

Df: This lower area of the pleural cavity into which the lung expands on inspiration is referred to as the costodiaphragmatic recess Location: between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae that are separated only by a capillary layer of pleural fluid. Shape: slitlike spaces Variations with breathing-During full inspiration=the lungs expand and fill the pleural cavities. During quiet inspiration=the lungs do not fully occupy the pleural cavities at four sites,the right and left costodiaphragmatic and the right and left costomediastinal recesses.

Answer 29

This lower area of the pleural cavity into which the lung expands on inspiration is referred to as the costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 30

between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae that are separated only by a capillary layer of pleural fluid.

Answer 31

slitlike spaces

Answer 32

During full inspiration=the lungs expand and fill the pleural cavities. During quiet inspiration=the lungs do not fully occupy the pleural cavities at four sites,the right and left costodiaphragmatic and the right and left costomediastinal recesses.

Answer 33

the lungs expand and fill the pleural cavities.

Answer 34

the lungs do not fully occupy the pleural cavities at four sites,the right and left costodiaphragmatic and the right and left costomediastinal recesses.

Answer 35

The distance between the two borders corresponds to the costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 36

Location:are situated along the anterior margins of the pleura. Shape:They are slitlike spaces between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleurae, which are separated by a capillary layer of pleural fluid. Variation with breathing:During inspiration and expiration, the anterior borders of the lungs slide in and out of the recesses.

Answer 37

are situated along the anterior margins of the pleura.

Answer 38

They are slitlike spaces between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleurae, which are separated by a capillary layer of pleural fluid.

Answer 39

During inspiration and expiration, the anterior borders of the lungs slide in and out of the recesses.

Answer 40

Features: It is thinner than the parietal layer Function:completely covers the outer surface of the lung Extension:extends into the depths of the interlobar fissures

Answer 41

It is thinner than the parietal layer

Answer 42

completely covers the outer surface of the lung

Answer 43

extends into the depths of the interlobar fissures

Answer 44

2nd/Pulmonary ligament +Df:The two layers are continuous with one another via a cuff of pleura that surrounds the structures entering and leaving the hilum at the hilum of each lung This cuff hangs down as a loose fold called the pulmonary ligament +Function:allows for movement of the pulmonary vessels and large bronchi during respiration

Answer 45

The two layers are continuous with one another via a cuff of pleura that surrounds the structures entering and leaving the hilum at the hilum of each lung.This cuff hangs down as a loose fold called the pulmonary ligament

Answer 46

allows for movement of the pulmonary vessels and large bronchi during respiration

Answer 47

+Shape: a slitlike space +Function:(1)The parietal and visceral layers of pleura are separated from one another by, the pleural cavity. (2)The pleural cavity normally contains only a small amount of tissue fluid, the pleural fluid. +Other names:Pleural space Clinicians are increasingly using the term pleural space instead of the anatomic term pleural cavity. This is probably to avoid the confusion between the pleural cavity [slitlike] space and the larger thoracic cavity

Answer 48

A slitlike space

Answer 49

(1)The parietal and visceral layers of pleura are separated from one another by, the pleural cavity. (2)The pleural cavity normally contains only a small amount of tissue fluid, the pleural fluid.

Answer 50

The pleural layers are innervated differently despite being a continuous membrane:- 1st/Parietal pleura Somatic afferent nerves supply the parietal pleura, which is sensitive to pain, temperature, touch, and pressure: • The intercostal nerves segmentally supply the costal pleura. • The phrenic nerve supplies the mediastinal pleura. • The phrenic nerve supplies the diaphragmatic pleura over the dome, and the lower intercostal nerves supply the periphery of the diaphragmatic pleura. 2nd/Visceral pleura Visceral afferent nerves supply the visceral pleura, which is sensitive to stretch but is insensitive to common sensations such as pain and touch. These nerves run in company with autonomic nerves from the pulmonary plexus

Answer 51

Somatic afferent nerves

Answer 52

(1) pain, (2) temperature (3) touch, and (4) pressure

Answer 53

Somatic afferent nerves supply the parietal pleura, which is sensitive to pain, temperature, touch, and pressure: • The intercostal nerves segmentally supply the costal pleura. • The phrenic nerve supplies the mediastinal pleura. • The phrenic nerve supplies the diaphragmatic pleura over the dome, and the lower intercostal nerves supply the periphery of the diaphragmatic pleura.

Answer 54

* The intercostal nerves segmentally supply the costal pleura. * The lower intercostal nerves supply the periphery of the diaphragmatic pleura.

Answer 55

The intercostal nerves

Answer 56

Lower intercostal nerves

Answer 57

* The phrenic nerve supplies the mediastinal pleura. | * The phrenic nerve supplies the diaphragmatic pleura over the dome

Answer 58

Phrenic nerve

Answer 59

Phrenic nerve

Answer 60

(1)The phrenic nerve supplies the diaphragmatic pleura over the dome, and (2)The lower intercostal nerves supply the periphery of the diaphragmatic pleura.

Answer 61

Visceral afferent nerves supply the visceral pleura, which is sensitive to stretch but is insensitive to common sensations such as pain and touch. These nerves run in company with autonomic nerves from the pulmo- nary plexus

Answer 62

Visceral afferent nerves

Answer 63

to common sensations such as pain and touch.

Answer 64

+Other names:Pleural space +Justification:Clinicians are increasingly using the term pleural space instead of the anatomic term pleural cavity. This is probably to avoid the confusion between the pleural cavity [slitlike] space and the larger thoracic cavity

Answer 65

The visceral afferent nerves run in company with autonomic nerves from the pulmonary plexus

Answer 66

+Function:(1)covers the surfaces of the pleura as a thin film, which causes surface tension adhesion of the pleural layers and permits them to move on each other with minimal friction. Thus, the pleural cavity is a potential space under normal conditions and is discernible only under abnormal conditions (e.g., when the lung is displaced by air or excess fluid). (2)lubricates the apposing surfaces of the visceral and parietal pleurae during respiratory movements. +Amount:The pleural cavity normally contains 5 to 10 mL of clear fluid +Formation:(1)Hydrostatic and osmotic pressures stimulate formation of the fluid. (2)Because the hydrostatic pressures are greater in the capillaries of the parietal pleura than in the capillaries of the visceral pleura (pulmonary circulation), the capillaries of the visceral pleura normally absorb the pleural fluid.

Answer 67

(1)covers the surfaces of the pleura as a thin film, which causes surface tension adhesion of the pleural layers and permits them to move on each other with minimal friction.Thus, the pleural cavity is a potential space under normal conditions and is discernible only under abnormal conditions (e.g., when the lung is displaced by air or excess fluid). (2)lubricates the apposing surfaces of the visceral and parietal pleurae during respiratory movements.

Answer 68

The pleural cavity normally contains 5 to 10 mL of clear fluid

Answer 69

(1)Hydrostatic and osmotic pressures stimulate formation of the fluid. (2)Because the hydrostatic pressures are greater in the capillaries of the parietal pleura than in the capillaries of the visceral pleura (pulmonary circulation), the capillaries of the visceral pleura normally absorb the pleural fluid.

Answer 70

Df:abnormal accumulation of fluid(i.e.,The presence of excess serous fluid in the pleural cavity) Amount:The presence of 300 mL of fluid in the costodiaphragmatic recess in an adult is sufficient to enable its clinical detection. Causes:(1)Any condition that increases the production of the fluid (e.g.,inflammation, malignancy, congestive heart disease) (2)Any condition that impairs the drainage of the fluid (e.g., collapsed lung) The clinical signs include:(1)decreased lung expansion on the side of the effusion, with (2)decreased breath sounds and dullness on percussion over the effusion Treatment:Fluid(serous,blood,or pus)can be drained from the pleural cavity through a wide-bore needle

Answer 71

abnormal accumulation of fluid(i.e.,The presence of excess serous fluid in the pleural cavity)

Answer 72

The presence of 300 mL of fluid in the costodiaphragmatic recess in an adult is sufficient to enable its clinical detection.

Answer 73

(1)Any condition that increases the production of the fluid (e.g., inflammation, malignancy, congestive heart disease) (2)Any condition that impairs the drainage of the fluid (e.g., collapsed lung)

Answer 74

(1) decreased lung expansion on the side of the effusion, with (2) decreased breath sounds and dullness on percussion over the effusion

Answer 75

Surface anatomy of the pleura 1st/The lines of pleural reflections Def: The lines, which indicate the limits of the parietal pleura where it lies close to the body surface, are referred to as the lines of pleural reflection Significance:(1)The boundaries of the pleural sac can be marked out as lines on the surface of the body. (2)Recognizing the surface markings of the pleural reflections and the lobes of the lungs is important. The clinician should have a mental image of the structures that lie beneath the stethoscope when listening to the breath sounds of the respiratory tract. 2nd/Borders of the pleura I) The anterior border of the right pleura:runs down behind the sternoclavicular joint, almost reaching the midline behind the sternal angle. It then continues downward until it reaches the xiphisternal joint. II) The anterior border of the left pleura:has a similar course, but at the level of the fourth costal cartilage, it deviates laterally and extends to the lateral margin of the sternum to form the cardiac notch. (Note that the pleural cardiac notch is not as large as the cardiac notch of the lung.) It then turns sharply downward to the xiphisternal joint III) The lower border of the pleura:on both sides follows a curved line, which crosses the eighth rib in the midclavicular line and the 10th rib in the midaxillary line, and reaches the 12th rib adjacent to the vertebral column that is, at the lateral border of the erector spinae muscle. Note that the lower margins of the lungs cross the 6th, 8th, and lOth ribs at the midclavicular lines, the midaxillary lines, and the sides of the vertebral column, respectively; the lower margins of the pleura cross, at the same points, the 8th, l0th,and 12th ribs, respectively. IV) The costodiaphragmatic recess:The distance between the two borders corresponds to the costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 76

Fluid(serous,blood,or pus)can be drained from the pleural cavity through a wide- bore needle

Answer 77

Def: The lines, which indicate the limits of the parietal pleura where it lies close to the body surface, are referred to as the lines of pleural reflection Significance:(1)The boundaries of the pleural sac can be marked out as lines on the surface of the body. (2)Recognizing the surface markings of the pleural reflections and the lobes of the lungs is important. The clinician should have a mental image of the structures that lie beneath the stethoscope when listening to the breath sounds of the respiratory tract.

Answer 78

Df:Roughening of the lung surfaces due to inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis or pleurisy) Causes: inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis or pleurisy), secondary to inflammation of the lung (e.g., pneumonia), results in inflammatory exudate coating the pleural surfaces, which causes roughening of the surfaces. C/P:Pleural rub-This roughening produces friction, which can be heard with the stethoscope as a pleural rub on inspiration and expiration. Complication:Pleural adhesions-Fibroblasts often invade the exudate, resulting in deposition of collagen and formation of pleural adhesions that bind the visceral pleura to the parietal pleura.

Answer 79

The lines, which indicate the limits of the parietal pleura where it lies close to the body surface, are referred to as the lines of pleural reflection

Answer 80

Roughening of the lung surfaces due to inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis or pleurisy)

Answer 81

(1)The boundaries of the pleural sac can be marked out as lines on the surface of the body. (2)Recognizing the surface markings of the pleural reflections and the lobes of the lungs is important. The clinician should have a mental image of the structures that lie beneath the stethoscope when listening to the breath sounds of the respiratory tract.

Answer 82

inflammation of the pleura (pleuritis or pleurisy), secondary to inflammation of the lung (e.g., pneumonia), results in inflammatory exudate coating the pleural surfaces, which causes roughening of the surfaces.

Answer 83

I) The anterior border of the right pleura:runs down behind the sternoclavicular joint, almost reaching the midline behind the sternal angle. It then continues downward until it reaches the xiphisternal joint.

Answer 84

Pleural rub-This roughening produces friction, which can be heard with the stethoscope as a pleural rub on inspiration and expiration.

Answer 85

runs down behind the sternoclavicular joint, almost reaching the midline behind the sternal angle. It then continues downward until it reaches the xiphisternal joint.

Answer 86

has a similar course, but at the level of the fourth costal cartilage, it deviates laterally and extends to the lateral margin of the sternum to form the cardiac notch. (Note that the pleural cardiac notch is not as large as the cardiac notch of the lung).It then turns sharply downward to the xiphisternal joint

Answer 87

Pneumothorax Def:Air in the pleural cavity Causes:from the lungs or through the chest wall (pneumothorax) as the result of disease or injury (e.g., interstitial lung disease, gunshot wounds). Artificial pneumothorax In the old treatment of tuberculosis, air was purposely injected into the pleural cavity to collapse and rest the lung. This was known as artificial pneumothorax. A spontaneous pneumothorax Def:Is a condition in which air enters the pleural cavity suddenly without its cause being immediately apparent. Causes:Investigation usually reveals that air has entered from a diseased lung and a bulla (bleb) has ruptured. Open pneumothorax Wounds that penetrate the thoracic wall (e.g., stab wounds) may pierce the parietal pleura so that the pleural cavity is open to the outside air. This condition is called open pneumothorax. Tension pneumothorax Each time the patient inspires, it is possible to hear air under atmospheric pressure being sucked into the pleural cavity. Sometimes, the clothing and the layers of the thoracic wall combine to form a valve so that air enters on inspiration but cannot exit through the wound. In these circumstances, the air pressure builds up on the wounded side and pushes the mediastinum toward the opposite side.In this situation, a collapsed lung is on the injured side, and the opposite lung is compressed by the deflected mediastinum. This dangerous condition is called a tension pneumothorax. Hydropneumothorax,pyoneumothorax,and haemopneumothorax Def:Air in the pleural cavity associated with serous fluid is known as hydropneumothorax, associated with pus as pyopneumothorax, and associated with blood as hemopneumothorax. Causes:In hemopneumothorax, trauma to the chest may result in bleeding from blood vessels in the chest wall, from vessels in the chest cavity, or from a lacerated lung. Empyema A collection of pus (without air) in the pleural cavity is called an empyema. Pleural effusion The presence of excess serous fluid in the pleural cavity is referred to as a pleural effusion. Management of all of the above Fluid (serous, blood, or pus) can be drained from the pleural cavity through a wide-bore needle

Answer 88

Pleural adhesions-Fibroblasts often invade the exudate, resulting in deposition of collagen and formation of pleural adhesions that bind the visceral pleura to the parietal pleura.

Answer 89

on both sides follows a curved line, which crosses the eighth rib in the midclavicular line and the 10th rib in the midaxillary line, and reaches the 12th rib adjacent to the vertebral column that is, at the lateral border of the erector spinae muscle. Note that the lower margins of the lungs cross the 6th, 8th, and lOth ribs at the midclavicular lines, the midaxillary lines, and the sides of the vertebral column, respectively; the lower margins of the pleura cross, at the same points, the 8th, l0th,and 12th ribs, respectively.

Answer 90

Air in the pleural cavity

Answer 91

from the lungs or through the chest wall (pneumothorax) as the result of disease or injury (e.g., interstitial lung disease, gunshot wounds).

Answer 92

In the old treatment of tuberculosis, air was purposely injected into the pleural cavity to collapse and rest the lung. This was known as artificial pneumothorax.

Answer 93

Def:Is a condition in which air enters the pleural cavity suddenly without its cause being immediately apparent. Causes:Investigation usually reveals that air has entered from a diseased lung and a bulla (bleb) has ruptured.

Answer 94

Is a condition in which air enters the pleural cavity suddenly without its cause being immediately apparent.

Answer 95

``` Investigation usually reveals that air has entered from a diseased lung and a bulla (bleb) has ruptured. ```

Answer 96

Wounds that penetrate the thoracic wall (e.g., stab wounds) may pierce the parietal pleura so that the pleural cavity is open to the outside air. This condition is called open pneumothorax.

Answer 97

Each time the patient inspires, it is possible to hear air under atmospheric pressure being sucked into the pleural cavity. Sometimes, the clothing and the layers of the thoracic wall combine to form a valve so that air enters on inspiration but cannot exit through the wound. In these circumstances, the air pressure builds up on the wounded side and pushes the mediastinum toward the opposite side.In this situation, a collapsed lung is on the injured side, and the opposite lung is compressed by the deflected mediastinum. This dangerous condition is called a tension pneumothorax.

Answer 98

Hydropneumothorax,pyoneumothorax,and haemopneumothorax Def:Air in the pleural cavity associated with serous fluid is known as hydropneumothorax, associated with pus as pyopneumothorax, and associated with blood as hemopneumothorax. Causes:In hemopneumothorax, trauma to the chest may result in bleeding from blood vessels in the chest wall, from vessels in the chest cavity, or from a lacerated lung.

Answer 99

Air in the pleural cavity associated with serous fluid is known as hydropneumothorax, associated with pus as pyopneumothorax, and associated with blood as hemopneumothorax.

Answer 100

In hemopneumothorax, trauma to the chest may result in bleeding from blood vessels in the chest wall, from vessels in the chest cavity, or from a lacerated lung.

Answer 101

A collection of pus (without air) in the pleural cavity is called an empyema.

Answer 102

Fluid (serous, blood, or pus) can be drained from the pleural cavity through a wide-bore needle

Answer 103

Def Is a tube Location C6 vertebra to the upper border of T5 vertebra(bifurcation) Features (1) mobile (2) cartilaginous (3) membranous Length and diameter In adults, the trachea is about 4 1/2 in. (11.25 cm) long and 1 in. (2.5 cm) in diameter. Structure (1)Tracheal rings:U-shaped bars (tracheal rings) of hyaline cartilage embedded in the tracheal wall support and maintain the patency of the trachea. (2)The trachealis muscle (a smooth muscle):connects the posterior free ends of the cartilages. (3)The posterior discontinuity:permits the oesophagus to expand into the trachea during swallowing. Course I)In the neck(beginning):(1)It begins in the neck as the continuation of the larynx at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. (2)It descends in the midline of the neck. II)In the thorax(ending):(1)The trachea runs through the superior mediastinum, in approximately the midline. (2)The trachea bifurcates or ends +by dividing into the right and left principal(primary or main) bronchi +at the level of the sternal angle +behind the arch of the aorta +opposite the disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae +some texts state that the trachea bifurcates at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra(T5) or the sixth in tall subjects (3)During expiration, the bifurcation rises by about one vertebral level and during deep inspiration may lower as far as the sixth thoracic vertebra. Relation I)The relations of the trachea in the neck are as follows: (a)Anterior(Superior to inferior):(1)Isthmus of the thyroid gland (2)Inferior thyroid veins (3)Arteria thyroidea ima(when that vessel exists) (4)Sternothyroid (5)Sternohyoid (6)Cervical fascia (7)Anastomosing branches between the anterior jugular veins (8)Arch of aorta (9)Origin of the left common carotid artery (10)The brachiocephalic trunk ascends at first in front of and then to the right of trachea (b)Posterior:Oesophagus (c)Laterally:(1)Common carotid arteries (2)Right and left lobes of the thyroid gland (3)Inferior thyroid arteries (4)Recurrent laryngeal nerves II)The relations of the trachea in the superior mediastinum of the thorax are as follows: (a)Anteriorly: (1)The manubrium, (2)The sternum, (3)The remains of thymus, (4)The left brachiocephalic vein, (5)The origins of the brachiocephalic (6)The left common carotid arteries, (7)The arch of the aorta (8)The deep cardiac plexus (b)Posteriorly:(1) The oesophagus (2)The left recurrent laryngeal nerve (c)Right side: (1)The azygos vein, (2)The right vagus nerve, (3)The pleura (d)Left side: (1)The arch of the aorta, (2)The left common carotid (3)The left subclavian arteries, (4)The left vagus (5)The left phrenic nerves, (6)The pleura Blood Supply I)Arterial supply:(1)The inferior thyroid arteries (branches of the subclavian arteries) supply the upper two thirds of the trachea (2)The bronchial arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta) supply the lower third. II)Venous drainage:Thyroid venous plexus Lymph Drainage The lymph drains into the:(1)pretracheal lymph nodes (2)paratracheal lymph nodes (3)deep cervical nodes. Nerve Supply (1)Branches of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves carry the sensory nerve supply.The recurrent laryngeal nerves innervate the mucosa lining much of the trachea (2)Sympathetic nerves supply the trachealis muscle.

Answer 104

C6 vertebra to the upper border of T5 vertebra(bifurcation)

Answer 105

(1) mobile (2) cartilaginous (3) membranous

Answer 106

In adults, the trachea is about 4 1/2 in. (11.25 cm) long and 1 in. (2.5 cm) in diameter.

Answer 107

(1)Tracheal rings:U-shaped bars (tracheal rings) of hyaline cartilage embedded in the tracheal wall support and maintain the patency of the trachea. (2)The trachealis muscle (a smooth muscle):connects the posterior free ends of the cartilages. (3)The posterior discontinuity:permits the oesophagus to expand into the trachea during swallowing.

Answer 108

U shaped bars

Answer 109

Hyaline cartilage embedded in the tracheal wall

Answer 110

Support and maintain the patency of the trachea

Answer 111

A smooth muscle

Answer 112

connects the posterior free ends of the cartilages.

Answer 113

permits the oesophagus to expand into the trachea during swallowing.

Answer 114

I)In the neck represents beginning | II)In the thorax represents ending

Answer 115

(1)It begins in the neck as the continuation of the larynx at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. (2)It descends in the midline of the neck.

Answer 116

(1)The trachea runs through the superior mediastinum, in approximately the midline. (2)It ends by dividing into right and left principal (main)bronchi at the level of the sternal angle (opposite the disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae). some texts state that the trachea bifurcates at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra(T5) or the sixth in tall subjects (3)During expiration, the bifurcation rises by about one vertebral level and during deep inspiration may lower as far as the sixth thoracic vertebra.

Answer 117

(1) begins in the neck (2) as the continuation of the larynx (3) at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (4) at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.

Answer 118

It descends in the midline of the neck.

Answer 119

The trachea runs through the superior mediastinum, in approximately the midline.

Answer 120

(1)The trachea bifurcates or ends by dividing into right and left principal (primary or main)bronchi (2)at the level of the sternal angle (3)behind the arch of the aorta (4)opposite the disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae (5)some texts state that the trachea bifurcates at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra(T5) or the sixth in tall subjects

Answer 121

During expiration, the bifurcation rises by about one vertebral level and during deep inspiration may lower as far as the sixth thoracic vertebra.

Answer 122

the bifurcation rises by about one vertebral level

Answer 123

May lower as far as the sixth thoracic vertebra.

Answer 124

I)The relations of the trachea in the neck are as follows: (a)Anterior(Superior to inferior):(1)Isthmus of the thyroid gland (2)Inferior thyroid veins (3)Arteria thyroidea ima(when that vessel exists) (4)Sternothyroid (5)Sternohyoid (6)Cervical fascia (7)Anastomosing branches between the anterior jugular veins (8)Arch of aorta (9)Origin of the left common carotid artery (10)The brachiocephalic trunk ascends at first in front of and then to the right of trachea (b)Posterior:Oesophagus (c)Laterally:(1)Common carotid arteries (2)Right and left lobes of the thyroid gland (3)Inferior thyroid arteries (4)Recurrent laryngeal nerves II)The relations of the trachea in the superior mediastinum of the thorax are as follows: (a)Anteriorly: (1)The manubrium, (2)The sternum, (3)The remains of thymus, (4)The left brachiocephalic vein, (5)The origins of the brachiocephalic (6)The left common carotid arteries, (7)The arch of the aorta (8)The deep cardiac plexus (b)Posteriorly:(1)The oesophagus (2)The left recurrent laryngeal nerve (c)Right side: (1)The azygos vein, (2)The right vagus nerve, (3)The pleura (d)Left side: (1)The arch of the aorta, (2)The left common carotid (3)The left subclavian arteries, (4)The left vagus (5)The left phrenic nerves, (6)The pleura

Answer 125

(a)Anterior(Superior to inferior):(1)Isthmus of the thyroid gland (2)Inferior thyroid veins (3)Arteria thyroidea ima(when that vessel exists) (4)Sternothyroid (5)Sternohyoid (6)Cervical fascia (7)Anastomosing branches between the anterior jugular veins (8)Arch of aorta (9)Origin of the left common carotid artery (10)The brachiocephalic trunk ascends at first in front of and then to the right of trachea (b)Posterior:Oesophagus (c)Laterally:(1)Common carotid arteries (2)Right and left lobes of the thyroid gland (3)Inferior thyroid arteries (4)Recurrent laryngeal nerves

Answer 126

Superior to inferior:(1)Isthmus of the thyroid gland (2)Inferior thyroid veins (3)Arteria thyroidea ima(when that vessel exists) (4)Sternothyroid (5)Sternohyoid (6)Cervical fascia (7)Anastomosing branches between the anterior jugular veins (8)Arch of aorta (9)Origin of the left common carotid artery (10)The brachiocephalic trunk ascends at first in front of and then to the right of trachea

Answer 127

Oesophagus

Answer 128

(1) Common carotid arteries (2) Right and left lobes of the thyroid gland (3) Inferior thyroid arteries (4) Recurrent laryngeal nerves

Answer 129

(a) Anteriorly: (1)The manubrium, (2) The sternum, (3) The remains of thymus, (4) The left brachiocephalic vein, (5) The origins of the brachiocephalic (6) The left common carotid arteries, (7) The arch of the aorta (8) The deep cardiac plexus (b) Posteriorly:(1) The oesophagus (2) The left recurrent laryngeal nerve (c) Right side: (1)The azygos vein, (2) The right vagus nerve, (3) The pleura (d) Left side: (1)The arch of the aorta, (2) The left common carotid (3) The left subclavian arteries, (4) The left vagus (5) The left phrenic nerves, (6) The pleura

Answer 130

(1) The manubrium, (2) The sternum, (3) The remains of thymus, (4) The left brachiocephalic vein, (5) The origins of the brachiocephalic (6) The left common carotid arteries, (7) The arch of the aorta (8) The deep cardiac plexus

Answer 131

(1) The oesophagus | (2) The left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 132

(1) The azygos vein, (2) The right vagus nerve, (3) The pleura

Answer 133

(1) The arch of the aorta, (2) The left common carotid (3) The left subclavian arteries, (4) The left vagus (5) The left phrenic nerves, (6) The pleura

Answer 134

I)Arterial supply:(1)The inferior thyroid arteries (branches of the subclavian arteries)supply the upper two thirds of the trachea (2)The bronchial arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta) supply the lower third. II)Venous drainage:Thyroid venous plexus

Answer 135

(1)The inferior thyroid arteries (branches of the subclavian arteries) supply the upper two thirds of the trachea (2)The bronchial arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta) supply the lower third.

Answer 136

Thyroid venous plexus

Answer 137

The lymph drains into the:(1)pretracheal lymph nodes (2) paratracheal lymph nodes (3) deep cervical nodes.

Answer 138

(1)Branches of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves carry the sensory nerve supply.The recurrent laryngeal nerves innervate the mucosa lining much of the trachea. (2)Sympathetic nerves supply the trachealis muscle.

Answer 139

Branches of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves carry the sensory nerve supply. The recurrent laryngeal nerves innervate the mucosa lining much of the trachea.

Answer 140

Sympathetic nerves supply the trachealis muscle.

Answer 141

Causes (1)Enlargement of the thyroid gland In the neck, a unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the thyroid gland can cause gross displacement or compression of the trachea. (2)A dilatation of the aortic arch (e.g., an aneurysm) can compress the trachea. With each cardiac systole, the pulsating aneurysm may tug at the trachea and left bronchus, a clinical sign that can be felt by palpating the trachea in the suprasternal notch.

Answer 142

Tracheitis or bronchitis gives rise to a raw, burning sensation felt deep to the sternum instead of actual pain. Many thoracic and abdominal viscera, when diseased,give rise to discomfort that is felt in the midline. It seems that organs possessing a sensory innervation that is not under normal conditions directly relayed to consciousness display this phenomenon. The afferent fibers from these organs traveling to the central nervous system accompany autonomic nerves.

Answer 143

Bifurcation: (1)The trachea bifurcates or ends by dividing into the right and left principal (primary or main) bronchi. +at the level of the sternal angle +behind the arch of the aorta +opposite the disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae +some texts state that the trachea bifurcates at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra(T5) or the sixth in tall subjects (2)The carina:Def-is a small ridge Location-at the inferior end of the junction of the trachea and the principal bronchi Function-separates the openings of the bronchi Division I)The trachea bifurcates into:(a) The right principal (main) bronchus: Features-(1)wider, (2)shorter, and (3)more vertical than the left Length-about 1 in. (2.5-cm) long. Division-(1)Before entering the hilum of the right lung, the principal bronchus gives off the superior lobar bronchus. (2)On entering the hilum, it divides into +middle lobar bronchus +inferior lobar bronchus. (b)The left principal (main) bronchus Features-(1)narrower, (2)longer, (3)more horizontal than the right and is Location-lies at T6 Length-about 2-in. (5-cm) long. Course-It passes to the left +below the arch of the aorta and +in front of the oesophagus. Division-On entering the hilum of the left lung, the principal bronchus divides into a +superior lobar bronchus +inferior lobar bronchus. II) Each principal bronchus supplies an entire lung . The principal bronchi next divide into lobar (secondary) bronchi that supply the individual lobes of the lungs. III)The bronchi divide dichotomously: +eventually giving rise to several million terminal bronchioles that terminate in one or more respiratory bronchioles. +Each respiratory bronchiole divides into 2 to 11 alveolar ducts that enter the alveolar sacs. +The alveoli arise from the walls of the sacs as diverticula (see Bronchopulmonary segments, to follow).

Answer 144

Def the anatomic, functional, and surgical units of the lungs. Each lobar (secondary) bronchus, which passes to a lobe of the lung, gives off branches called segmental (tertiary) bronchi. Each segmental bronchus passes to a structurally and functionally independent unit of a lung lobe called a bronchopulmonary segment, which is bounded by connective tissue walls A branch of the pulmonary artery accompanies the segmental bronchus, but the tributaries of the pulmonary veins run in the connective tissue between adjacent bronchopulmonary segments. Each segment has its own lymphatic vessels and autonomic nerve supply. Each segmental bronchus divides repeatedly upon entering a bronchopulmonary segment As the bronchi become smaller, irregular plates of cartilage, which become smaller and fewer in number, gradually replace the tracheal rings. The smallest bronchi divide and give rise to bronchioles, which are <1mm in diameter. Bronchioles possess no cartilage in their walls and are lined with columnar ciliated epithelium. The submucosa possesses a complete layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers. The bronchioles then divide and give rise to terminal bronchioles, which show delicate outpouchings from their walls. Gaseous exchange between blood and air takes place in the walls of these outpouchings, which explains the name respiratory bronchiole. The diameter of a respiratory bronchiole is about 0.5 mm. The respiratory bronchioles end by branching into alveolar ducts, which lead into tubular passages with numerous thin-walled outpouchings called alveolar sacs. The alveolar sacs consist of several alveoli opening into a single chamber. A rich network of blood capillaries surrounds each alveolus. Gaseous exchange takes place between the air in the alveolar lumen and the alveolar wall into the blood within the surrounding capillaries. The main characteristics of a bronchopulmonary segment are as follows: • It is a subdivision of a lung lobe. • It is pyramid shaped, with its apex directed toward the lung root. • It is surrounded by connective tissue. • It has three defining components: a centrally located segmental (tertiary) bronchus, a segmental artery that accompanies the segmental bronchus, and intersegmental veins located in the connective tissue walls between adjacent bronchopulmonary segments. • It has its own lymph vessels and autonomic nerves. • Because it is a structural unit, a diseased segment can be removed surgically. The functional flow pattern within each bronchopul- monary segment is as follows: • Air enters and leaves the center of each bronchopul- monary segment via the segmental bronchus. • Deoxygenated blood enters the center of each bronchopulmonary segment via the segmental artery (a branch of the pulmonary artery). • Oxygenatedbloodleavesthebronchopulmonaryseg- ment via the intersegmental veins located around the periphery of each segment. These veins drain into the pulmonary veins. Typically, the right lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments and the left lung has 8 to 10. Although the general arrangement of the bronchopulmonary seg- ments is clinically important, memorizing the details is not essential for anyone not intending to specialize in pulmonary medicine or surgery. The main bronchopulmonary segments are as follows: • Rightlung Superior lobe: Apical, posterior, anterior Middle lobe: Lateral, medial Inferior lobe: Superior (apical), medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal • Left lung Superior lobe: Apical, posterior, anterior, superior lingular, inferior lingular Inferior lobe: Superior (apical), medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

Answer 145

.Incidence Inhalation of foreign bodies into the lower respiratory tract is common, especially in children. .Types of foreign bodies These objects have all found their way into the bronchi: (1)Pins, (2)Screws, (3)Nuts, (4)Bolts, (5)Peanuts, and (6)Parts of chicken bones and (7)Toys (8)Parts of the teeth-may be inhaled while a patient is under anesthesia during a difficult dental extraction. .Location of foreign body lodgement Right principal bronchus:(1)Site related-Because the right principal bronchus is the wider, more vertical, and more direct continuation of the trachea foreign bodies tend to enter the right instead of the left main bronchus. From there, they usually pass into the middle or inferior lobar bronchi. (2)size related-(a)Large aspirated objects:commonly lodge in the right main bronchus, (b)Small aspirated objects:tend to stop in the right Inferior lobar bronchus. Treatment Removal by a bronchoscopy

Answer 146

Inhalation of foreign bodies into the lower respiratory tract is common, especially in children.

Answer 147

These objects have all found their way into the bronchi: (1)Pins, (2)Screws, (3)Nuts, (4)Bolts, (5)Peanuts, and (6)Parts of chicken bones and (7)Toys (8)Parts of the teeth-may be inhaled while a patient is under anesthesia during a difficult dental extraction.

Answer 148

Right principal bronchus:(1)Site related-Because the right principal bronchus is the wider, more vertical, and more direct continuation of the trachea foreign bodies tend to enter the right instead of the left main bronchus. From there, they usually pass into the middle or inferior lobar bronchi. (2)size related-(a)Large aspirated objects:commonly lodge in the right main bronchus, (b)Small aspirated objects:tend to stop in the right Inferior lobar bronchus.

Answer 149

Because the right principal bronchus is the wider, more vertical, and more direct continuation of the trachea foreign bodies tend to enter the right instead of the left main bronchus. From there, they usually pass into the middle or inferior lobar bronchi.

Answer 150

(a) Large aspirated objects:commonly lodge in right main bronchus (b) Small aspirated objects:tend to stop in the right Inferior lobar bronchus.

Answer 151

Indication (1)Bronchoscopy enables a physician to examine the interior of the trachea, its bifurcation, the carina, and the main bronchi (2)With experience, it is possible to examine the(a)interior of the lobar bronchi (b)beginning of the first segmental bronchi. (3)This procedure also facilitates obtaining biopsy specimens of mucous membrane (4)Removal of lodged inhaled foreign body in the larynx(even an open safety pin (5)Oedema of the mucous membrane of the larynx secondary to infection or trauma may require immediate relief to prevent asphyxiation. (6)Tracheostomy is a method commonly used to relieve complete obstruction

Answer 152

Features I)During life, the lungs are soft and spongy and very elastic. II)If the thoracic cavity were opened, the lungs would immediately shrink to one third or less in volume. III)In the child, they are pink, but with age, they become dark and mottled because of the Inhalation of dust particles that become trapped in the phagocytes of the lung. City dwellers and coal miners show this especially well. IV)Each lung is conical in shape V)Covered with visceral pleura VI)Attached to the mediastinum only by its root VII)Suspended free in its own pleural cavity Location One lung lies on each side of the mediastinum. Therefore, the heart and great vessels and other structures in the mediastinum separate them from each other. Parts I) Apex:(1)Shape-Each lung has a blunt apex (2)Location-(1)The apex projects upward into the neck for about 1 in. (2.5 cm) above the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle (2)The apex of both lungs is approximately 4cm superior to the sternocostal joint of the first rib. Immediately below this is a sulcus created by the subclavian artery II)Base:a concave base that sits on the diaphragm III)Surfaces:(1)Costal surface-(a)convex (b)corresponds to the concave chest wall (i.e., corresponds to the concavity of the chest) (2)Mediastinal surface-(a)concave (b)contacts the mediastinal pleura (c)has the cardiac impression (d)molded to the pericardium and other mediastinal structures (e)above and behind this concavity (i.e.,the mediastinal surface)is the hilum (3)Diaphragmatic IV)Hilum:Def-A depression in which the root of the lung attaches Location-At about the middle of the mediastinal surface Shape-Triangular depression Function-It is the place where the structures which form the root of the lung enter and leave the viscus. These structures are invested by pleura,which,below the hilum and behind the pericardial impression,forms the pulmonary ligament V)Root:Def: The structures that enter or leave the lung form the root of the lung. Contents-(1)the bronchi (2)pulmonary artery and 2 pulmonary veins (3)bronchial lymph vessels (4)bronchial vessels (5)nerves Structure:The root is surrounded by a tubular sheath of pleura, which joins the mediastinal parietal pleura to the visceral pleura covering the lungs. VI)Borders:(1)The anterior lung borders-Feature-are thin Location-a)overlap the heart. b)Rt lung:extends from the apex to 1)Sternoclavicular joint 2)Sternal angle 3)then vertically to the level of 6th costal cartilage c)Lt lung: extends from the apex to 1)Sternoclavicular joint 2)Sternal angle 3)then vertically to the level of 4th costal cartilage 4)Deviates to the Lt and descends again 1 inch lateral to sternal margin down to the 6th costal cartilage (2)The posterior border of each lung-(a)is thick (b)lies beside the vertebral column. (3)The inferior border of both lungs-(a)6th rib in mid clavicular line (b)8th rib in mid axillary line (c)10th rib posteriorly,close to the vertebral column N.B:The pleura runs two ribs lower than the corresponding lung level V)The cardiac notch:Def-indentation of the anterior margin of the left lung that leaves the anterior surface of the heart relatively exposed . Shape-concave VI)The lingula:Def-projection of the anterior margin of the left lung. Location-extends from the inferior end of the cardiac notch. Shape-tonguelike Lobes and fissures I)Deep fissures divide the right and left lungs into unequal numbers of lobes. II)The organization of the lobes and fissures is summarized in Table 5.1 (page233)and illustrated in Figures 5.16 to 5.18. 1st/Rt lung(slightly larger) (A)Fissures:(1)Horizontal fissure-Runs along approximately the horizontal line of the fourth costal cartilage to intersect the oblique fissure in the midaxillary line. (2)Oblique fissure-Runs at roughly a T2 (posterior) to T6 (anterior) angulation. (B)Lobes: In both lungs, the-(1)upper(superior)lobes-lie more anteriorly, whereas (2)lower(inferior)lobes-lie more posteriorly. (3)middle lobe-Size:small Shape:triangular lobe Location:1.lays anteroinferiorly, 2.between the other two lobes, Bounded by the:1.horizontal fissure 2.oblique fissure 2nd/Lt lung (A)Fissures:Oblique-similar course as in the right lung. No horizontal fissure. (B)Lobes: In both lungs, the-(1)upper(superior)lobes-lie more anteriorly, whereas (2)lower(inferior)lobes-lie more posteriorly. The right lung is different from the left lung in that: (1) It is heavier. (2) lt is larger in transverse diameter. (3) lt has no cardiac notch. (4) lt usually has two fissures. (5) lt has 2 bronchi in the hilum. Blood Supply Two separate arterial systems supply the lungs.The second system is the respiratory (pulmonary) circuit, 1st/Nonrespiratory Circuit I)Supplies the tissues of the respiratory tree and lungs. II)Arterial supply:The bronchial arteries-(a)Types:(1)2 Left branches-branches of the descending aorta (2)1 right branch-a branch of the 3rd posterior intercostal artery (b) supply the:(1)bronchi, the (2)connective tissue of the lung, (3)visceral pleura. III)Venous drainage:The bronchial veins-(a)which communicate with the pulmonary veins (b)drain into the azygos and hemiazygos veins. 2nd/Respiratory (Pulmonary) Circuit I)Across which gas exchange occurs. II)Arterial supply:The segmental arteries-(a)the terminal branches of the pulmonary arteries (b)carry deoxygenated blood(i.e.,supply all the needs except oxygen)into the 1.bronchopulmonary segments 2.alveoli III)Venous drainage:(1)Intersegmental veins-(a)carrying oxygenated blood from the alveolar capillaries, (b)follow the connective tissue septa bounding the bronchopulmonary segments to the pulmonary veins and to the lung root (2)Two pulmonary veins-leave each lung root to empty into the left atrium of the heart. Lymph Drainage +Origin:(a)The lymph vessels originate in superficial(subpleural)and deep plexuses (b)They are not present in the alveolar walls. +The superficial (subpleural) plexus:Location-lies beneath the visceral pleura Drainage-drains over the surface of the lung toward the hilum, where the lymph vessels enter the bronchopulmonary nodes. +The deep plexus:Course-(1)travels along the bronchi and vessels toward the hilum of the lung, (2)passing through pulmonary nodes located within the lung substance; (3)the lymph then enters the bronchopulmonary nodes in the hilum of the lung. (4)All the lymph from the lung leaves the hilum and drains into the tracheobronchial nodes and then into the bronchomediastinal lymph trunks. Nerve Supply +Pulmonary plexuses:Origin-The following nerve fibres intermingle at the root of each lung and form the pulmonary plexuses:- (1)Sympathetic nerve fibers (derived from the sympathetic chains), (2)parasympathetic nerve fibers (derived from the vagus nerves), and (3)visceral afferent fibres Course-(1)Branches of the pulmonary plexuses:mainly follow the bronchi into and within the lungs. (2)Afferent impulses(a)Origin-derived from:1.the bronchial mucous membrane and 2.stretch receptors in the alveolar walls (b)Course-travel with both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves to the central nervous system. +Lung autonomic functions Table 5.2 summarises lung autonomic functions.

Answer 153

I)During life, the lungs are soft and spongy and very elastic. II)If the thoracic cavity were opened, the lungs would immediately shrink to one third or less in volume. III)In the child, they are pink, but with age, they become dark and mottled because of the Inhalation of dust particles that become trapped in the phagocytes of the lung. City dwellers and coal miners show this especially well. IV)Each lung is conical in shape V)Covered with visceral pleura VI)Attached to the mediastinum only by its root VII)Suspended free in its own pleural cavity

Answer 154

(1) soft (2) spongy (3) very elastic

Answer 155

If the thoracic cavity were opened, the lungs would immediately shrink to one third or less in volume.

Answer 156

In the child, they are pink, but with age, they become dark and mottled because of the Inhalation of dust particles that become trapped in the phagocytes of the lung. City dwellers and coal miners show this especially well.

Answer 157

1) Each lung is conical in shape 2) Covered with visceral pleura 3) Attached to the mediastinum only by its root 4) Suspended free in its own pleural cavity

Answer 158

One lung lies on each side of the mediastinum. Therefore, the heart and great vessels and other structures in the mediastinum separate them from each other.

Answer 159

I) Apex:(1)Shape-Each lung has a blunt apex (2)Location-(1)The apex projects upward into the neck for about 1 in. (2.5 cm) above the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle (2)The apex of both lungs is approximately 4cm superior to the sternocostal joint of the first rib. Immediately below this is a sulcus created by the subclavian artery II)Base:a concave base that sits on the diaphragm III)Surfaces:(1)Costal surface-(a)convex (b)corresponds to the concave chest wall (i.e., corresponds to the concavity of the chest) (2)Mediastinal surface-(a)concave (b)contacts the mediastinal pleura (c)has the cardiac impression (d)molded to the pericardium and other mediastinal structures (e)above and behind this concavity (i.e.,the mediastinal surface)is the hilum (3)Diaphragmatic IV)Hilum:Def-A depression in which the root of the lung attaches Location-At about the middle of the mediastinal surface Shape-Triangular depression Function-It is the place where the structures which form the root of the lung enter and leave the viscus. These structures are invested by pleura,which,below the hilum and behind the pericardial impression,forms the pulmonary ligament V)Root:Def: The structures that enter or leave the lung form the root of the lung. Contents-(1)the bronchi (2)pulmonary artery and 2 pulmonary veins (3)bronchial lymph vessels (4)bronchial vessels (5)nerves Structure:The root is surrounded by a tubular sheath of pleura, which joins the mediastinal parietal pleura to the visceral pleura covering the lungs. VI)Borders:(1)The anterior lung borders-Feature-are thin Location-a)overlap the heart. b)Rt lung:extends from the apex to 1)Sternoclavicular joint 2)Sternal angle 3)then vertically to the level of 6th costal cartilage c)Lt lung: extends from the apex to 1)Sternoclavicular joint 2)Sternal angle 3)then vertically to the level of 4th costal cartilage 4)Deviates to the Lt and descends again 1 inch lateral to sternal margin down to the 6th costal cartilage (2)The posterior border of each lung-(a)is thick (b)lies beside the vertebral column. (3)The inferior border of both lungs-(a)6th rib in mid clavicular line (b)8th rib in mid axillary line (c)10th rib posteriorly,close to the vertebral column N.B:The pleura runs two ribs lower than the corresponding lung level V)The cardiac notch:Def-indentation of the anterior margin of the left lung that leaves the anterior surface of the heart relatively exposed . Shape-concave VI)The lingula:Def-projection of the anterior margin of the left lung. Location-extends from the inferior end of the cardiac notch. Shape-tonguelike

Answer 160

(1)Shape-Each lung has a blunt apex (2)Location-(1)The apex projects upward into the neck for about 1 in. (2.5 cm) above the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle (2)The apex of both lungs is approximately 4cm superior to the sternocostal joint of the first rib. Immediately below this is a sulcus created by the subclavian artery

Answer 161

Each lung has a blunt apex

Answer 162

(1)The apex projects upward into the neck for about 1 in. (2.5 cm) above the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle (2)The apex of both lungs is approximately 4cm superior to the sternocostal joint of the first rib.Immediately below this is a sulcus created by the subclavian artery

Answer 163

(1)Clavicle:The apex projects upward into the neck for about 1 in. (2.5 cm) above the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle (2)Sternocostal joint:The apex of both lungs is approximately 4cm superior to the sternocostal joint of the first rib. (3)Subclavian sulcus:Immediately below this is a sulcus created by the subclavian artery

Answer 164

The apex projects upward into the neck for about 1 in. (2.5 cm) above the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle

Answer 165

The apex of both lungs is approximately 4cm superior to the sternocostal joint of the first rib. Immediately below this is a sulcus created by the subclavian artery.

Answer 166

Immediately below this(i.e.,the apex) is a sulcus created by the subclavian artery

Answer 167

.Shape:concave base | .Location:sits on the diaphragm

Answer 168

Sits on the diaphragm

Answer 169

(1)Costal surface-(a)convex (b)corresponds to the concave chest wall (i.e., corresponds to the concavity of the chest) (2)Mediastinal surface-(a)concave (b)contacts the mediastinal pleura (c)has the cardiac impression (d)molded to the pericardium and other mediastinal structures (e)above and behind this concavity (i.e.,the mediastinal surface)is the hilum (3)Diaphragmatic

Answer 170

(a)convex (b)corresponds to the concave chest wall(i.e., corresponds to the concavity of the chest)

Answer 171

corresponds to the concave chest wall | i.e., corresponds to the concavity of the chest

Answer 172

(a)concave (b)contacts the mediastinal pleura (c)has the cardiac impression (d)molded to the pericardium and other mediastinal structures (e)above and behind this concavity (i.e.,the mediastinal surface)is the hilum

Answer 173

(1) Mediastinal pleura:contacts the mediastinal pleura (2) Heart:has the cardiac impression (3) Pericardium:molded to the pericardium and other mediastinal structures (4) Hilum:above and behind this concavity(i.e.,the mediastinal surface)is the hilum

Answer 174

Def-A depression in which the root of the lung attaches Location-At about the middle of the mediastinal surface Shape-Triangular depression Function-It is the place where the structures which form the root of the lung enter and leave the viscus. These structures are invested by pleura,which,below the hilum and behind the pericardial impression,forms the pulmonary ligament

Answer 175

A depression in which the root of the lung attaches

Answer 176

At about the middle of the mediastinal surface

Answer 177

Triangular depression

Answer 178

It is the place where the structures which form the root of the lung enter and leave the viscus. These structures are invested by pleura,which,below the hilum and behind the pericardial impression,forms the pulmonary ligament

Answer 179

Def: The structures that enter or leave the lung form the root of the lung. Contents-(1)the bronchi (2)pulmonary artery and 2 pulmonary veins (3)bronchial lymph vessels (4)bronchial vessels (5)nerves Structure:The root is surrounded by a tubular sheath of pleura, which joins the mediastinal parietal pleura to the visceral pleura covering the lungs.

Answer 180

The structures that enter or leave the lung form the root of the lung.

Answer 181

(1) the bronchi (2) pulmonary artery and 2 pulmonary veins (3) bronchial lymph vessels (4) bronchial vessels (5) nerves

Answer 182

The root is surrounded by a tubular sheath of pleura, which joins the mediastinal parietal pleura to the visceral pleura covering the lungs.

Answer 183

(1)The anterior lung borders-Feature-are thin Location-a)overlap the heart. b)Rt lung:extends from the apex to 1)Sternoclavicular joint 2)Sternal angle 3)then vertically to the level of 6th costal cartilage c)Lt lung: extends from the apex to 1)Sternoclavicular joint 2)Sternal angle 3)then vertically to the level of 4th costal cartilage 4)Deviates to the Lt and descends again 1 inch lateral to sternal margin down to the 6th costal cartilage (2)The posterior border of each lung-(a)is thick (b)lies beside the vertebral column. (3)The inferior border of both lungs-(a)6th rib in mid clavicular line (b)8th rib in mid axillary line (c)10th rib posteriorly,close to the vertebral column N.B:The pleura runs two ribs lower than the corresponding lung level

Answer 184

Feature-are thin Location-a)overlap the heart. b)Rt lung:extends from the apex to 1)Sternoclavicular joint 2)Sternal angle 3)then vertically to the level of 6th costal cartilage c)Lt lung: extends from the apex to 1)Sternoclavicular joint 2)Sternal angle 3)then vertically to the level of 4th costal cartilage 4)Deviates to the Lt and descends again 1 inch lateral to sternal margin down to the 6th costal cartilage

Answer 185

(a) is thick | (b) lies beside the vertebral column.

Answer 186

lies beside the vertebral column.

Answer 187

(a)6th rib in mid clavicular line (b)8th rib in mid axillary line (c)10th rib posteriorly,close to the vertebral column N.B:The pleura runs two ribs lower than the corresponding lung level

Answer 188

Def-indentation of the anterior margin of the left lung that leaves the anterior surface of the heart relatively exposed . Shape-concave

Answer 189

indentation of the anterior margin of the left lung that leaves the anterior surface of the heart relatively exposed .

Answer 190

Def-projection of the anterior margin of the left lung. Location-extends from the inferior end of the cardiac notch. Shape-tonguelike

Answer 191

projection of the anterior margin of the left lung.

Answer 192

extends from the inferior end of the cardiac notch.

Answer 193

tonguelike

Answer 194

Lobes and fissures I)Deep fissures divide the right and left lungs into unequal numbers of lobes. II)The organization of the lobes and fissures is summarized in Table 5.1 (page233)and illustrated in Figures 5.16 to 5.18. 1st/Rt lung(slightly larger) (A)Fissures:(1)Horizontal fissure-Runs along approximately the horizontal line of the fourth costal cartilage to intersect the oblique fissure in the midaxillary line. (2)Oblique fissure-Runs at roughly a T2 (posterior) to T6 (anterior) angulation. (B)Lobes: In both lungs, the-(1)upper(superior)lobes-lie more anteriorly, whereas (2)lower(inferior)lobes-lie more posteriorly. (3)middle lobe-Size:small Shape:triangular lobe Location:1.lays anteroinferiorly, 2.between the other two lobes, Bounded by the:1.horizontal fissure 2.oblique fissure 2nd/Lt lung (A)Fissures:Oblique-similar course as in the right lung. No horizontal fissure. (B)Lobes: In both lungs, the-(1)upper(superior)lobes-lie more anteriorly, whereas (2)lower(inferior)lobes-lie more posteriorly.

Answer 195

Deep fissures divide the right and left lungs into unequal numbers of lobes.

Answer 196

I)Deep fissures divide the right and left lungs into unequal numbers of lobes. II)The organization of the lobes and fissures is summarized in Table 5.1 (page233)and illustrated in Figures 5.16 to 5.18. 1st/Rt lung(slightly larger) (A)Fissures:(1)Horizontal fissure-Runs along approximately the horizontal line of the fourth costal cartilage to intersect the oblique fissure in the midaxillary line. (2)Oblique fissure-Runs at roughly a T2 (posterior) to T6 (anterior) angulation. (B)Lobes: In both lungs, the-(1)upper(superior)lobes-lie more anteriorly, whereas (2)lower(inferior)lobes-lie more posteriorly. (3)middle lobe-Size:small Shape:triangular lobe Location:1.lays anteroinferiorly, 2.between the other two lobes, Bounded by the:1.horizontal fissure 2.oblique fissure 2nd/Lt lung (A)Fissures:Oblique-similar course as in the right lung. No horizontal fissure. (B)Lobes: In both lungs, the-(1)upper(superior)lobes-lie more anteriorly, whereas (2)lower(inferior)lobes-lie more posteriorly.

Answer 197

Rt lung(slightly larger) (A)Fissures:(1)Horizontal fissure-Runs along approximately the horizontal line of the fourth costal cartilage to intersect the oblique fissure in the midaxillary line. (2)Oblique fissure-Runs at roughly a T2 (posterior) to T6 (anterior) angulation. (B)Lobes: In both lungs, the-(1)upper(superior)lobes-lie more anteriorly, whereas (2)lower(inferior)lobes-lie more posteriorly. (3)middle lobe-Size:small Shape:triangular lobe Location:1.lays anteroinferiorly, 2.between the other two lobes, Bounded by the:1.horizontal fissure 2.oblique fissure

Answer 198

(1)Horizontal fissure-Runs along approximately the horizontal line of the fourth costal cartilage to intersect the oblique fissure in the midaxillary line. (2)Oblique fissure-Runs at roughly a T2 (posterior) to T6 (anterior) angulation.

Answer 199

Runs along approximately the horizontal line of the fourth costal cartilage to intersect the oblique fissure in the midaxillary line.

Answer 200

Runs at roughly a T2 (posterior) to T6 (anterior) angulation.

Answer 201

In both lungs, the-(1)upper(superior)lobes-lie more anteriorly, whereas (2)lower(inferior)lobes-lie more posteriorly. (3)middle lobe-Size:small Shape:triangular lobe Location:1.lays anteroinferiorly, 2.between the other two lobes, Bounded by the:1.horizontal fissure 2.oblique fissure

Answer 202

lie more anteriorly

Answer 203

lie more posteriorly.

Answer 204

Size:small Shape:triangular lobe Location:1.lays anteroinferiorly, 2.between the other two lobes, Bounded by the:1.horizontal fissure 2.oblique fissure

Answer 205

triangular lobe

Answer 206

1. lays anteroinferiorly, | 2. between the other two lobes,

Answer 207

Bounded by the:1.horizontal fissure | 2.oblique fissure

Answer 208

(A)Fissures:Oblique-similar course as in the right lung. No horizontal fissure. (B)Lobes: In both lungs, the-(1)upper(superior)lobes-lie more anteriorly, whereas (2)lower(inferior)lobes-lie more posteriorly.

Answer 209

similar course as in the right lung. No horizontal fissure.

Answer 210

In both lungs, the-(1)upper(superior)lobes-lie more anteriorly, whereas (2)lower(inferior)lobes-lie more posteriorly.

Answer 211

lie more anteriorly, whereas

Answer 212

lie more posteriorly.

Answer 213

I)In the neck(beginning):(1)It begins in the neck as the continuation of the larynx at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. (2)It descends in the midline of the neck. II)In the thorax(ending):(1)The trachea runs through the superior mediastinum, in approximately the midline. (2)It ends by dividing into right and left principal (main)bronchi at the level of the sternal angle (opposite the disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae). some texts state that the trachea bifurcates at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra(T5) or the sixth in tall subjects (3)During expiration, the bifurcation rises by about one vertebral level and during deep inspiration may lower as far as the sixth thoracic vertebra.

Answer 214

Def: The respiratory tract (respiratory tree) is the network of passageways that supplies air to the lungs. Classification: I)The upper respiratory tract-includes(1)the nasal passages and (2)sinuses, (3)pharynx, (4)larynx, and (5)upper portion of the trachea. II)The lower respiratory tract(tracheobronchial tree)includes the(1)upper portion of the trachea, (2)bronchi, (3)bronchioles

Answer 215

Respiratory tree

Answer 216

is the network of passageways that supplies air to the lungs.

Answer 217

I)The upper respiratory tract-includes(1)the nasal passages and (2)sinuses, (3)pharynx, (4)larynx, and (5)upper portion of the trachea. II)The lower respiratory tract(tracheobronchial tree)includes the(1)upper portion of the trachea, (2)bronchi, (3)bronchioles

Answer 218

(1) the nasal passages and (2) sinuses, (3) pharynx, (4) larynx, and (5) upper portion of the trachea.

Answer 219

Tracheobronchial tree

Answer 220

(1) upper portion of the trachea, (2) bronchi, (3) bronchioles

Thorax anatomy-Thoracic cavity(Snell's Clinical Anatomy By Regions 10th Edition) Flashcards

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