Thought and Emotion

Question 1

Cognition vs perception

Answer 1

Cognition refers to a wide range of internal mental activities, such as analyzing information, generating ideas, and problem solving. Perception refers to the organization and identification of sensory inputs, while cognition refers to higher-level processes like language and logical reasoning.

Question 2

cerebral cortex

Answer 2

Processes information

Divided into 4 lobes:

1. Frontal lobe - non-sensory processing (i.e. decision making)
2. Parietal lobe - sensory processing
3. Occipital lobe - sensory processing
4. Temporal lobe - sensory processing

Question 3

Frontal lobe

Answer 3

associated with motor control, decision making, and long-term memory storage

Question 4

parietal lobe

Answer 4

tactile processing

Question 5

occipital lobe

Answer 5

visual processing

Question 6

temporal lobe

Answer 6

auditory and olfactory processing, as well as emotion and language and memory formation

Question 7

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 7

1. Sensorimotor (birth to two years)
2. Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
3. Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years)
4. Formal operational (11 years and older)

Question 8

accomodation

Answer 8

When a child’s schema changes in response to new information

Question 9

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 9

Birth to two years

• -Children learn to separate themselves from objects.
• -Learn they have the ability to act on and affect the outside world
• -Develop object permanence - the understanding that objects can continue to exist even when they are out of sight

Question 10

Preoperational stage

Answer 10

• -2 to 7 years
• -Children learn to use language while they continue to think very literally
• -Maintain an egocentric worldview and have difficulty perspective taking

Question 11

Concrete operational stage

Answer 11

• -7 to 11 years
• -Logical in concrete thinkings
• -Develop inductive reasoning, meaning they can reason from specific situations to general concepts
• -Understand the idea of conservation - the idea that quantity remains the same despite changes in its shape or container

Question 12

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 12

• -11 years and older
• -Develop logic in abstract thinking
• -Develop deductive reasoning - they can apply general concepts to specific situations
• -Capable of Kohlberg’s post-conventional moral reasoning

Question 13

Broca’s area

Answer 13

• -Brain area associated with LANGUAGE
• -Located in the frontal lobe
• -Involved in speech PRODUCTION. Damage to this area results in a person understanding language just fine but having difficulty producing it.

Question 14

Broca’s area

Answer 14

• -Brain area associated with LANGUAGE
• -Located in the frontal lobe
• -Involved in speech PRODUCTION. Damage to this area results in a person understanding language just fine but having difficulty producing it.
• -“Broca’s raton is Full of Pals” - “Broca, Frontal lobe, Production”

Question 15

Wernicke’s area

Answer 15

• -Brain area associated with LANGUAGE
• -Located in the temporal lobe
• -Involved in the UNDERSTANDING of language
• -“Wernicke Tempts Us” - “Wernicke Temporal Understanding”

Question 16

Intelligence

Answer 16

the ability to understand and reason with complex ideas, adapt effectively to the environment, and learn from experience

Question 17

The g factor

Answer 17

The general intelligence factor. Proposed by Charles Spearman and posits that every individual has a set level of intelligence that applies across pursuits.

Question 18

Theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 18

Proposed by Howard Gardner. Argues that everyone has a variety of intelligences that are used in combination. The intelligences are: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal

Question 19

Sternberg’s triarchic theory

Answer 19

Proposed 3 factors involved in intelligence:

1. Analytical intelligence - solving problems
2. Creative intelligence - ability to handle new situations using existing skills and experiences
3. Practical intelligence - ability to respond to environmental changes

Question 20

Emotional intelligence

Answer 20

1. Perceiving emotions
2. Using and reasoning with emotions
3. Understanding emotions
4. Managing emotions

Question 21

Components of emotion

Answer 21

1. Cognitive - appraisal of an event
2. Physiological - activation of the nervous system for example
3. Behavioral

Question 22

Main biological systems involved in emotion

Answer 22

1. Limbic system

2. Autonomic nervous system

Question 23

Limbic system role in emotion

Answer 23

1. Amygdala - fear and anger- can respond to a stimulus without conscious awareness of the stimulus.
2. Prefrontal cortex - involved in conscious regulation of emotional states

Question 24

Autonomic nervous system role in emotion

Answer 24

1. Hypothalamus - regulates heart rate, sweating, arousal

Question 25

Major theories of emotion

Answer 25

1. James-Lange theory - all physiological 2. Cannon-Bard 3. Shachter-Singer

Question 26

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 26

- -Emotion is physiologically based - -Emotional experience depends on the recognition and interpretation of physical reaction - -Physiological response --> interpretation of physical reaction --> emotion - -remember with "JLP" James Lange physiology

Question 27

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 27

--"feelings" and physiological reactions to stimuli are experienced simultaneously

Question 28

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Answer 28

- -the "two factor theory of emotion" - -physiological arousal is the first component of the emotional response, just like the James-Lange theory. - -Differs from James-Lange in that one must take into account SITUATIONAL CUES in order to interpret physiological reaction - -recognizes HIGHER LEVEL THINKING

Question 29

fundamental attribution error

Answer 29

when one attributes others' actions to internal factors, rather than external circumstances

Question 30

self serving bias

Answer 30

- -often occurs in tandem with fundamental attribution error | - -one attributes their own actions to external circumstances

Question 31

causation bias

Answer 31

the tendency to assume a cause and effect relationship between correlated variables

Question 32

Drives

Answer 32

--urges to perform behavior to resolve BIOLOGICAL NEEDS

Question 33

drives vs instincts

Answer 33

--Drives attempt to reduce arousal, while instincts are automatic behavioral inclinations that are not necessarily associated with arousal.

Question 34

Drive reduction theory

Answer 34

--People are motivated to take action to satisfy a physiological need like hunger, thirst, or sex

Question 35

incentive theory

Answer 35

--people are motivated by external rewards

Question 36

cognitive theories

Answer 36

- -people behave based on their expectations of what will yield the most favorable outcome - -motivation can be categorized as extrinsic or intrinsic in this model

Question 37

need-based theories

Answer 37

--people are motivated by a desire to fulfill unmet needs --Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Lowest to highest: physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization

Question 38

Attitudes

Answer 38

- -favorable or unfavorable organizations of beliefs and feelings about people, objects, or situations 1. Affective component - A person's feelings or emotions about an object 2. Behavioral component - the influence attitudes have on behavior 3. Cognitive component - beliefs of knowledge about a specific object

Question 39

peripheral route processing

Answer 39

--occurs when an individual does not think deeply to evaluate the argument presented

Question 40

central route processing

Answer 40

--occurs when an individual does think deeply and even elaborates on the argument that is presented

Question 41

theories of attitude and behavior change

Answer 41

1. elaboration likelihood - incorporates peripheral route processing and central route processing 2. social cognitive theory - approaches behavior change from a social learning perspective