Thought and Language

Question 1

single unit of sound that change meaning

Answer 1

Phonemes

Question 2

the smallest units that carry meaning, only realized when attached to the word. Honest - dishonest

Answer 2

Bound Morphemes

Question 3

convey meaning and concepts. Includes categories

Answer 3

Content Words

Question 4

words that carry grammatical information

Answer 4

Function words

Question 5

processing relies on processing content words - nouns, verbs, adjectives

Answer 5

Semantic processing

Question 6

processing relies on processing function words - pronouns, propositions

Answer 6

Syntactic processing

Question 7

refers to the structure of language - phrases and sentences

Answer 7

Syntax

Question 8

organisation of words at a surface level - words in two sentences that are organised differently but the underlying meaning is the same

Answer 8

Surface structure

Question 9

words organised the same but meaning of sentence is ambiguous - remember ‘I saw a Zebra flying over Africa’

Answer 9

Deep structure

Question 10

used to detect whether infants can notice changes in sound - infant will suck if it has become interested following the new sound

Answer 10

HAS

Question 11

when the perception of sound becomes categorical

Answer 11

Categorical speech perception

Question 12

relying on social cues and interaction for the development of their speech

Answer 12

Cooing

Question 13

same syllable over and over

Answer 13

Reduplicated babbling

Question 14

syllables with different consonants and vowels

Answer 14

Variegated bubbling

Question 15

word comprehension precedes productive vocabulary by an average of 4 months

Answer 15

Comprehension v production

Question 16

“dog” only for family dog and not other dogs

Answer 16

Under extension

Question 17

“dog” to refer to dogs and cats

Answer 17

Over extension

Question 18

words which have an actual meaning but is no accepted as a word

Answer 18

Protowords

Question 19

a single word that stands for an entire statement

Answer 19

Holophrases

Question 20

children are biologically predisposed to learn language

Answer 20

Nativist views of language

Question 21

children are innately predisposed to acquire the syntax of language

Answer 21

Language bioprogram hypothesis

Question 22

invented language drawing on words and grammar from a group of languages

Answer 22

Pidgin language

Question 23

when the pidgin is acquired as a native language

Answer 23

Creoles

Question 24

ideal time for acquiring certain parts of language - harder afterwards

Answer 24

Sensitive period

Question 25

children have highly developed pattern recognitions

Answer 25

General learning capacities

Question 26

if babies see patterns before then they internalise this pattern, making them less likely to respond in the future. Children more interested in novel words

Answer 26

Statistical learning

Question 27

is it possible that children can use the language they hear to learn that language?

Answer 27

Social learning

Question 28

how you think of yourself

Answer 28

Self-construal

Question 29

personal goals take priority over group goals, internal attributes more salient

Answer 29

Independent cultures

Question 30

group goals take more priority, social role more salient

Answer 30

Interdependent cultures

Question 31

adapt talk to children’s level

Answer 31

Child-centered talk

Question 32

child learns to adapt to situation

Answer 32

Situation-centered talk

Question 33

knowledge of the world which forms the content of our thoughts

Answer 33

Representation

Question 34

mental images

Answer 34

Analogical representations

Question 35

a representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain, rather than from external sensory input

Answer 35

Mental imagery

Question 36

represent any kind of content, but don’t resemble what is is they stand for

Answer 36

Symbols

Question 37

made up of concepts, statements that express ideas. Made up of a subject and what’s being asserted about that subject

Answer 37

Propositions

Question 38

intelligent thought, making decisions, problem solving

Answer 38

Reasoning

Question 39

start with belief, what are the implications of those beliefs. General principles or rules to specific instances. Validity of conclusion follows from the premises

Answer 39

Deductive reasoning

Question 40

testing hypothesis, start with specifics and infer general principles

Answer 40

Inductive reasoning

Question 41

tendency to rely on prior beliefs rather than to fully obey logical principles

Answer 41

Belief bias

Question 42

tendency to recall or interpret information in a way that confirms our prior beliefs or values

Answer 42

Confirmation bias

Question 43

making judgements, drawing conclusions from experience, shortcuts that are correct much of the time

Answer 43

Heuristics

Question 44

probability estimates are influenced by how easy it is to retrieve information, used to judge the frequency of something happening

Answer 44

Availability heuristic

Question 45

saliency bias, Trump's use of violent imagery often associated with immigrants

Answer 45

Availability explanation

Question 46

overcoming an obstacle to reach a goal

Answer 46

Problem solving

Question 47

Trial and error, algorithm, heuristics

Answer 47

Strategies for problem solving/decision making

Question 48

work step-by-step to get closer to your goal

Answer 48

Means-end analysis

Question 49

change the state of the problem so that you are one step closer to solving the problem; sometimes getting further away from the solution helps solve the problem

Answer 49

Hill climb

Question 50

night-dots problem, matchstick problem. Changing the representation of the problem, thinking outside the box

Answer 50

Divergent thinking

Question 51

the right hemisphere does a better job of bringing together these things which are more remote

Answer 51

Remote associate tasks

Question 52

Habits and assumptions you bring to solving a problem

Answer 52

Mental set

Question 53

How can mental set hinder problem solving?

Answer 53

people get stuck in their way of thinking when there is a much easier was of reaching the solution

Question 54

How do we overcome obstacles

Answer 54

take a break, practice divergent thinking

Question 55

Language is independent of cognition

Answer 55

Position 1

Question 56

Language influences cognition

Answer 56

position 2

Question 57

Having a specific langauge determines of influences how we think

Answer 57

The Whorfian Hypothesis

Question 58

Colour processing, space and time, culture and thinking style

Answer 58

Evidence for a weak version of the Whorfian hypothesis

Question 59

In Russian the two spectrums of blue have different names that must be used, just as pink and red must be discriminated in English

Answer 59

Russian Blues experiment, evidence for the Whorfian hypothesis