Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y2 ENDOCRINOLOGY > Thyroid Disease > Flashcards

Thyroid Disease Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 2 most common types of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary

Follicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Thyroid cancer is more common in males. True/False?

A

False

Females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What aetiology has a strong association with thyroid cancer?

A

Radiation exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the main presenting complaint of thyroid cancer?

A

Palpable nodule in the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Follicular thyroid cancer is more common than papillary variant. True/False?

A

False

Papillary is most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do papillary and follicular thyroid cancer tend to spread respectively?

A

Lymphatics (also haematogenous)

Haematogenous (also lymphatic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The incidence of follicular thyroid cancer are higher in people deficient of which chemical?

A

Iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lymphatic spread of follicular thyroid cancer is rare. True/False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the main investigation for thyroid cancer?

A

TSH levels
Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration
Can do lymph node biopsy if spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If the thyroid cancer lesion is greater than _cm, there is clinical prediction of malignancy

A

4cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main surgical techniques for thyroid cancer?

A

Lobectomy + isthmusectomy (uncommon)
Sub-total thyroidectomy
Total thyroidectomy (U3 or greater)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A 36 yr old man with thyroid cancer with no metastases is AMES high risk. True/False?

A

False

Low risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

All patients with metastases of thyroid cancer are AMES high risk. True/False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of thyroid tumours may be treated by lobectomy?

A

Papillary micro-carcinoma
Minimally invasive follicular carcinoma
AMES low risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Calcium is checked post-op for thyroid cancer. At what level of calcium is replacement initiated?

A

Less than 2 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is iodine body scanning done for post-op thyroid cancer?

A

To detect residual cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long before an iodine scan must T3 and T4 be stopped?

A

Stop T4 4 weeks prior

Stop T3 2 weeks prior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TSH must be elevated for an iodine scan. True/False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What non-surgical technique can be used for thyroid cancer destruction following surgery?

A

Thyroid remnant ablation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Thyroid swellings move on swallowing. True/False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Thyroglossal swellings move with the tongue. True/False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Autoimmune thyroid disease is the commonest cause of hypo/hyper -thyroidism. True/False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In hyperthyroidism, TSH levels are high. True/False?

A

False

TSH is low in hyperthyroidism, and high in hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is TSH low in hyperthyroidism?

A

Hyperthyroidism causes excess T4, so pituitary produces less TSH in order to try and compensate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
In the context of pituitary gland failure (secondary thyroid problem), would TSH levels be high or low in hypothyroidism?
Low | pituitary can't compensate
26
What is myxoedema?
Severe hypothyroidism causing puffy face, hands, feet | N.B. pretibial myxoedema is seen in Grave's disease due to thyrotoxicosis
27
Incidence of hypothyroidism is higher in people with high/low iodine
Low iodine is assoc. with hypothyroidism
28
What is the main goitrous cause of hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (chronic/autoimmune thyroiditis)
29
List some drug-induced causes of hypothyroidism
Amiodarone Aminosalicyclic acid Lithium Iodides
30
What are the 2 main origins of secondary hypo/hyper -thyroidism?
Hypothalamus disease | Pituitary disease
31
What happens in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Autoimmune destruction of thyroid gland, causing reduced thyroid hormone production
32
Which antibody is very specific for Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO)
33
List some clinical features of hypothyroidism
``` HAIR AND SKIN: Sparse hair, dry skin, vitiligo, puffiness THERMOGENESIS: Cold intolerance CNS: Tiredness, muscle stiffness GI: Constipation CARDIO: Reduced heart rate METABOLIC: Weight gain RESP: Hoarse voice/ sleep apnoea REPRO: oligo/amenorrhea ```
34
Outline treatment of hypothyroidism
Restore metabolic rate gradually | Levothyroxine (T4) 50-100 micrograms
35
TSH is useful to mark therapeutic success in secondary hypo/hyper -thyroidism. True/False?
False | It will be low because problem is with pituitary
36
Who does myxoedema coma predominately affect?
Elderly women with longstanding untreated hypothyroidism
37
What is the main autoimmune cause of hyperthyroidism?
Grave's disease
38
List clinical features of hyperthyroidism
``` CNS: Agitation/irritability/anxiety, poor sleep CARDIO: Palpitations, AF THERMOGENESIS: Heat intolerance SYMPATHETIC: Sweating, tremo GI: Loose bowels VISION: Exopthalmus, lid lag, proptosis METABOLIC: Weight loss, increased appetite HAIR/ SKIN: brittle, thin hair REPRO: oligo/amenorrhea ```
39
What causes Grave's disease?
Unknown mix of genetics + environment | Autoimmune antibodies bind to TSH receptor causing overactivity, like TSH but goes unchecked by T3+T4
40
Which antibodies are fairly specific for Grave's disease?
Anti-TPO antibody | Anti-TSH-receptor antibody
41
What is the characteristic view of Grave's disease on scintigraphy?
Symmetrical, smooth goitre | Looks like a butterfly
42
What drugs are given for hyperthyroidism?
Carbimazole Propylthiouracil in pregnancy B-blocker for rapid symptom control
43
Medullary thyroid carcinomas are derived from which cells?
C cells
44
What does 'AMES' stand for?
Age Mets Extent of primary tumour Size of primary tumour
45
List the four classifications of malignant thyroid nodule
Papillary Follicular Medullary Anaplastic
46
List the common causes of benign thyroid nodules
Cyst Colloid nodule Benign follicular Adenoma
47
How do you check a neck mass is in the thyroid and not the lymph node?
Thyroid masses move on swallowing
48
A painful thyroid nodule is typically an...
Intrathyroidal cyst
49
A rapid onset mass occurring on the neck is typically a...
Lymphoma
50
Medullary thyroid cancer is associated with which genetic diseases?
MEN 2a/2b
51
What is the management for suspected MEN 2a/2b?
Prophylactic thyroidectomy
52
What is a complication of restoring metabolic rate too quickly in hypothyroidism?
Arrhythmia
53
List the clinical features of Grave's Disease
Eye disease - exopthalmus, proptosis Pretibial myxodema - 'orange peel' legs Thyroid acropachy - clubbing, finger and toe swelling, bone reaction
54
Graves disease typically occurs in what group of people?
Younger female (20-50yo)
55
What is 'thyroid storm'?
Severe hyperthyroidism, occuring in acute infection and recent thyroid surgery
56
Which B blocker is commonly used in hyperthyroidism?
Propranolol
57
What are the treatment options for persisting hyperactive hyperthyroidism?
Radioiodine to suppress secretion of excess harmone | Subtotal thyroidectomy
58
What are the clinical features of agranulocytosis? What is the management?
Dry cough, sore throat in a person on anti-thyroidal medications Stop ATDs
59
What are the clinical features of De Quervian's thyroiditis?
Signs of viral infection Painful neck Fever
60
Otline the mechanism behind exophthalmus
Bulging eyes due to water retaining carbohydrates which build up behind the eyes

Y2 ENDOCRINOLOGY (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions