Thyroid Disordes; Goiter, Hypethryoidism(Graves Disease)

Question 1

What are the two thyroid hormones?

Answer 1

Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3

Question 2

What are the two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland in response to?

Answer 2

hypothalamic-pitutary secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 3

Thyroid disorders may result from dysfunction of both …

Answer 3

pituitary or thyroid gland

Question 4

What is Goiter?

Answer 4

enlargement of thyroid gland

often visible on anterior neck
cause by various hypothyroid and hyperthyroid conditions

Question 5

What physical problem may enlargement on thyroid gland cause?

Answer 5

become very large compressing oesophagus and interfering with swallowing
cause pa on trachea
also be of cosmetic concern

Question 6

Pathophysiology; Goiter:

Answer 6

normally iodine trapped by thyroid gland and used to synthesise T3 and T4

dietary deficiency = low T3 and T4 production = compensatory ^TSH from pituitary = hyperplasia and hypertrophy thyroid gland

endemic goiter may affect large groups of people in a specific geographic area

hypothyroid condition occurs in regions where low iodine levels in soil and food

use of iodised salts resolved problem to a large extent

Question 7

What are Goitrogens?

Answer 7

food that contain elements that block synthesis of T3, T4 and ^TSH secretion

TSH = cause hyperplasia = goiter formation when ingested in high quantities

Question 8

Examples of Goitrogens:

Answer 8

cabbage
turnips
other related vegetables
lithium and fluoride may be godtogenic

Question 9

What is Toxic Goiter?

Answer 9

hyperthyroid condition resulting from hyperactivity of the thyroid gland, perhaps due to excessive stimulation b TSH = large nodular gland

Question 10

Tx; Goiter:

Answer 10

depends on size of goiter, signs symptoms and underlying cause

hyperthyroid medications e.g levothyroxine
surgery - total/partial thyroidectomy
radioactive iodine hormone replacement - underactive thyroid

Question 11

What is Hyperthryoidism (Graves Disease)?

Answer 11

various forms w ^T3 and ^T4 secretion

Question 12

Pathophysiology; Hyperthryoidism (Graves Disease)?

Answer 12

occur more frequently women older than 30
related autoimmune factor
manifested by signs of hyper metabolism, toxic goiter, and exophthalmos

Question 13

Exophthalmos:

Answer 13

also known as proptosis, is a medical term for a bulging or protruding eyeball or eyeballs

Question 14

SnS; Hyperthryoidism (Graves Disease)?

Answer 14

exophthalmos
,protruding starring eye, decreased blink and eye, movement, ^tissue mass pushing eyer forward and ^sympathetic stimulation, untreated = visual impairment, optic nerve damage/corneal ulceration

thryrotoxic crisis, thyroid storm - acute situation , in pt uncontrolled hyperthyroidism , precipitated by infection/surgery, life treating as resulting hyperthermia, tachycardia, HF, delirium

Question 15

Tx; Hyperthryoidism (Graves Disease)

Answer 15

course of radioactive index surgical removal of thyroid gland
antithyroid drugs