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Tick-borne Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

How long after exposure do clinical signs of Lyme disease appear?

A

2-5 months

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2
Q

What are the common clinical signs of Lyme disease?

A 
Acute/subacute arthritis (shifting leg lameness)
Fever
Lymphadenopathy
Anorexia
Lethargy
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3
Q

What are less common manifestations of Lyme disease?

A

Protein-losing glomerulopathy, “Lyme nephritis”
Heart block from myocarditis
Neurological signs
Ophthalmic disease

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4
Q

What are common abnormalities on a CBC/Chem with Lyme disease?
Coinfection with what type of organism can contribute to these signs?

A

Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia

Coinfection with rickettsial pathogen

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5
Q

How long after exposure do IgG antibody titers rise?

A

4-6 weeks

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6
Q

Which test can be used to screen for Lyme disease? What should you do if you get a positive result?

A

ELISA- follow up with another test

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7
Q

Which antigen is expressed with natural infection, versus Lyme vaccine?

A

C6 antigen

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8
Q

What is the treatment for Lyme disease? When do you normally see improvement in clinical signs after starting treatment?

A

Doxycycline, or Ampicillin/Amoxicillin for 30 days

Usually see improvement within 48 hours

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute ehrlichiosis?

A 
Lethargy
Fever
Anorexia
Weight loss
Splenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy 
Petechiae/ecchymoses
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10
Q

What is a common clinicopathologic finding with acute ehrlichiosis?

A

Thrombocytopenia

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11
Q

What are potential clinicopathologic findings with subclinical ehrlichiosis?

A

Thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic ehrlichiosis?

A

Lethargy, anorexia, weight loss
Epistaxis/petechiae, pale mucous membranes
Lymphadenopathy/splenomegaly
Neurologic signs- ataxia, paraparesis, CP deficits, head tilt, nystagmus, seizures

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13
Q

What are potential clinicopathologic findings with chronic ehrlichiosis on bloodwork?

A 
Thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia (secondary infection)
Hyperglobulinemia
Proteinuria
Mild/moderate nonregenerative anemia 
Hypoalbuminemia, elevated ALT, ALP

Blood smear- may see morulae, but rare

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14
Q

What are What are potential clinicopathologic findings with chronic ehrlichiosis on CSF tap?

A

High protein, neutrophilic pleocytosis

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15
Q

What are What are potential clinicopathologic findings with Lyme disease on joint tap if lameness present?

A

Increased protein, high WBC count with predominance of neutrophils

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16
Q

What type of cell does Ehrlichia ewingii target? What are the clinical signs?

A

Granulocytes

Acute polyarthropathy- joint pain, swelling, fever

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17
Q

What serological tests are used for Ehrlichia?

A

Convalescent IFA/ELISA

SNAP 4Dx ELISA

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18
Q

When using PCR on blood samples to test for Ehrlichia, why could you get a false negative?

A

Antibiotic therapy

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19
Q

What is the treatment for ehrlichiosis? What alternatives can be used?

A

Doxycycline for 28 days

Alternatives- imidocarb, chloramphenicol in puppies, enrofloxacin (experimental, not effective on E. canis)

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20
Q

What are the clinicopathologic abnormalities of infection with Anaplasma platys?

A

Moderate to severe cyclic thrombocytopenia

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection?

A

Fever
Lethargy
Reluctance to move

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22
Q

What clinical sign is uncommon with Anaplasma platys or A. phagocytophilum infection?

A

Bleeding

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23
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for Anaplasma phagocytophilum? What is best for acute disease?

A

SNAP 4Dx (good sensitivity/specificity)
IFA
Convalescent titers

PCR best for chronic disease, can use to confirm

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of Neorickettsia risticii in dogs?

Study These Flashcards
A

Lethargy
Vomiting
Bleeding disorders
Joint pain

25
What cells are affected by Rickettsia rickettsii?
Endothelial cells, causing vasculitis
26
What disorders/diseases can vasculitis cause?
``` Hermorrhage Thrombocytopenia DIC Hypotension, shock, organ damage Edema in the skin, lungs, brain Decreased renal perfusion ```
27
What are the clinical signs of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)?
``` **Fever Cutaneous lesions- edema, hyperemia Scrotal edema, epididymal swelling Petechiae, ecchymoses on mucous membranes May see epistaxis, melena, hematuria ```
28
What are the ophthalmic clinical signs of RMSF?
``` Retinal hemorrhage Retinal detachment Papilledema Chorioretinitis Anterior uveitis ```
29
What are the neurologic clinical signs of RMSF?
Vestibular disease | Meningoencephalitis
30
What are the clinicopathologic signs of RMSF on CBC?
``` Thrombocytopenia (usually >75,000) Mild leukopenia (early disease) Moderate leukocytosis (later disease) Normocytic, normochromic anemia Increased/decreased fibrinogen ```
31
What are the clinicopathologic signs of RMSF on chemistry?
Mildly elevated ALP, ALT, AST Hypoalbuminemia Prerenal or renal azotemia (severe cases) Mild hyperbilirubinemia (severe cases)
32
How is RMSF diagnosed?
Serology- acute/convalescent titers Direct FA on tissue samples or full thickness skin biopsies (high false negative rate) PCR on whole blood or tissue samples
33
What alternatives to doxycycline can be used to treat RMSF?
Enrofloxacin or chlorampheniocol for one week
34
True or false: ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are common in cats.
False. It's rare in cats. There are reports of illness in cats that responded to doxycycline.
35
What are the clinical signs of Babesia canis?
``` Lethargy Anorexia Splenomegaly Fever Jaundice ``` Subclinical infection is also possible
36
What are the clinicopathologic findings of Babesia canis infection?
Anemia Thrombocytopenia Hemoglobinuria, bilirubinuria
37
What are the clinical signs of Babesia gibsoni?
Fever Splenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Lethargy Often subclinical in pits
38
What are the clinicopathologic findings of Babesia gibsoni infection?
Thrombocytopenia | Regenerative anemia
39
How is babesiosis diagnosed?
Blood smear IFA titers PCR- can detect low levels of parasitemia
40
What is the treatment for babesiosis?
Outside US- Diminazene In US- Imidocarb Initial treatment of choice for B gibsoni- azithromycin + atovaquone
41
What are the clinical signs of bartonellosis in cats?
Lymphadenopathy Lethargy Fever Mild neurologic signs Concurrent FIV may increase risk for gingivitis/stomatitis
42
What are the clinical manifestations of bartonellosis in dogs?
``` Transient fever Endocarditis Pyogranulomatous lymphadenopathy Peliosis hepatis Cavitary effusions ```
43
How is bartonellosis diagnosed?
Serology Blood culture PCR
44
What are some common problems with diagnostic testing for Bartonella?
Transient bacteriemia- problem for PCR Serology can give false negatives IgG persists for a long time following clearance of organism Fastidious organism
45
Which two antibiotics are used to treat bartonellosis? What are some alternatives?
Doxycycline + enrofloxacin Potentially use erythromycin, rifampin, or azithromycin
46
What are the clinical signs of feline hemotrophic mycoplasmas?
``` Depression, inappetance, dehydration Weight loss Weakness, pallor, tachypnea, tachycardia, and heart murmur (hemolytic anemia) Icterus Splenomegaly Fever or hypothermia ```
47
What are the clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with feline hemotropic mycoplamsa?
Autoagglutination Regenerative anemia- extravascular hemolysis May be nonregenerative with FeLV Erythrophagocytosis on spleen/BM aspirates Elevated ALT Hyperbilirubinemia
48
How is feline hypertropic mycoplamsa diagnosed?
Blood smear- cyclic infection, not sensitive | PCR- good for acute phase
49
How is feline hypertropic mycoplamsa treated?
Doxycycline or enrofloxacin Azithromycin ineffective Prednisone for IMHA
50
True or false: it is uncommon to see clinical canine hypertropic mycoplamsa.
True. It's rare, and dogs are usually not clinical unless they are immunocompromised or have had their spleen removed.
51
What are the clinical signs of Hepatozoon americanum infection?
Gait abnormalities- lameness, weakness, difficulty rising Pain- generalized or in neck, back, or joints Poor BCS score with muscle atrophy despite normal appetite Mucopurulent ocular discharge Fever PU/PD if glomerulonephritis/amyloidosis Depression
52
What are the clinicopathologic abnormalities with Hepatozoon americanum infection?
``` Severe leukocytosis Mature neutrophilia Hypoglycemia Hypoalbuminemia Elevated ALP, BUN ```
53
What are radiographic findings with Hepatozoon americanum infection?
Periosteal proliferation along long bones
54
How is Hepatozoon americanum infection diagnosed?
Muscle biopsy ELISA, good sensitivity/specificity PCR Blood smear- possible but rare
55
What is the treatment for Hepatozoon americanum infection? Does this clear the infection?
Triple therapy: TMS, clindamycin, and pyrimethamine for two weeks No: this will cause remission of clinical signs, but cannot clear all tissue stages- will relapse in 2-6 months
56
What drug can be used to prevent relapses? Does it help active infection?
Decoquinate- give for 2 years. Does not help with active infections.
57
What are the clinical signs of cytauxzoonosis?
``` Anorexia, lethargy, depression Fever (beneficial) Dehydration, dark urine Icterus, pallor Heart murmur from anemia ```
58
How is cytauxzoonosis diagnosed?
Blood smear Histology of tissue stages PCR Serology not commercially available
59
How is cytauxzoonosis treated?
Azithromycin + atovaquone, supportive care

Small Animal Medicine (1 decks)

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