Timeline

Question 1

Prior to 1960, what role did police officers have?

Answer 1

-They were primarily keepers of the peace
-Mediators of problems
-Reactive to problems

Question 2

Why did the style of policing prior to 1960 work well?

Answer 2

-Lack of crime
-Society was not as complicated as today

Question 3

1954

Answer 3

Civil Rights Movement Begins

Question 4

1963

Answer 4

Children’s March, Birmingham, AL

Question 5

1964-1968

Answer 5

Period of Major Demonstrations and Rioting

Question 6

1971

Answer 6

War of Drugs Begins in Law Enforcement & LAPD creates SWAT team

Question 7

1984

Answer 7

Crack Cocaine LA

Question 8

1990

Answer 8

National Defense Act

Question 9

Late 1990’s

Answer 9

Police departments begin using zero tolerance policing

Question 10

1993

Answer 10

1st World Trade Center Bombing

Question 11

1995

Answer 11

Oklahoma City Bombing

Question 12

1997

Answer 12

National Defense Act Expanded - 1033 Program

Question 13

1999

Answer 13

Columbine

Question 14

2001

Answer 14

9/11

Question 15

2007

Answer 15

Virginia Tech Shooting

Question 16

Police and Civil Rights Movement

Answer 16

-1954
Police responds contributed to hostility
-Police operations were poorly planned and used aggressive tactics
-Police were used as instruments of power

Question 17

Birmingham Children’s Crusade

Answer 17

1963
-Hundreds of children participated in a march against segregation
-Commissioner used police dog and fire hoses to break up protest
-Hundreds of children were injured and arrested
-One of the 1st times police excessive force was mainstreamed

Question 18

1965 Selma to Montgomery March

Answer 18

• march from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand an end to discrimination in voter registration
• state and local police attacked the marchers with batons and tear gas, driving them back to Selma
  -Televised images of the police attack presented Americans and international audiences with horrifying images of marchers left bloodied and severely injured

Question 19

1968 Democratic Convention

Answer 19

-August 1968, over 10,000 demonstrators from around the country travelled to Chicago to assemble at the 1968 Democratic Convention

Question 20

How did the role of policing begin to reshape during the Civil Rights Era?

Answer 20

-Police departments begin training and heavily depends on military influences
-New equipment: riot helmets and shields, tear gas
-New units are formed: riot squads & tactical teams
-National movement to increase diversity

Question 21

How did heroin increase violent crime rates?

Answer 21

-Soldier deploed overseas came home with an opioid based addiction to morphine, but could not access it so they turned to heroin
-Semi-conscious state
-Quick addiction

Question 22

Describe cocaine

Answer 22

-Suburban party drug
-Lasted hours, extra energy
-Thought of as not as addictive
-Comes from a leave and is grounded into powder and cut down to 40% and the rest would be an additive

Question 23

Describe Crack

Answer 23

-Modified cocaine
-Powder is boiled and turns into 100% cocaine
-High lasts only for 10-20 minutes
-Increased in addictiveness
-Located in more urban areas and penalties were higher

Question 24

Policing During War On Drugs

Answer 24

-Arrests for drug violations increased
-No distinction of user, seller, or supplier
-Techniques become more sophisticated: surveillance, undercover, informants, wiretaps
-Tactial drug raids
-Military equipment become available to law enforcement

Question 25

Impact of War On Drugs

Answer 25

-Increase in mass incarceration -Relationship between police and communities become more strained

Question 26

National Defense Authorization Act of 1990

Answer 26

-Authorized the transfer of surplus military equipment to law enforcement agencies -Ammunition, assault rifles, grenade launchers, helicopters, armored vehicles -No accountability on how the equipment was used

Question 27

Broken Windows Theory

Answer 27

If a small disorder physical problem is not addressed (like a broken window), it will lead (invite) to greater incidents of crime and violence.

Question 28

Zero Tolerance

Answer 28

-In 1990 NYPD begins using a strict enforcement (zero tolerance) strategy to address violent crime -Used a modified theory of Broken Windows focusing on people. Police officers enforced disorder related crimes, to prevent larger issues of crime -At the national level, these strict enforcement strategies disproportionately impact minority communities…with higher rates of stops, citations and arrest of African American males -Furrher strained relationship between police officers and minority communities

Question 29

1993 Bombing of the World Trade Center

Answer 29

-February 26, 1993 -Killed 6 people and injured 1000+ -The 1,200-pound bomb was in a Ryder truck parked in a parking garage beneath the World Trade Center -The explosion created a hole 200 feet by 100 feet, several stories deep

Question 30

Oklahoma City Bombing

Answer 30

-April 15, 1995 -A rental truck packed with explosives detonated in front of the nine-story Federal building -168 people killed (19 young children) -680 injured