Timeline: War and Radicalism, 1642–1646

Question 1

What date did Charles I raise the Royal Standard at Nottingham?

Answer 1

22 August 1642

This event marked the official declaration of war.

Question 2

What was the significance of the Royal Standard being raised at Nottingham?

Answer 2

War officially declared; Parliament and King beyond reconciliation.

Question 3

What occurred on 23 September 1642?

Answer 3

Battle of Powick Bridge

First clash of cavalry near Worcester.

Question 4

Who led the Royalist cavalry during the Battle of Powick Bridge?

Answer 4

Prince Rupert

Question 5

What was the outcome of the Battle of Powick Bridge?

Answer 5

Royalist cavalry perform well; morale boosted.

Question 6

What was significant about the Battle of Edgehill on 23 October 1642?

Answer 6

First major battle; bloody stalemate.

Question 7

What was the result of the Battle of Edgehill?

Answer 7

Neither side gains decisive advantage, but Charles can march south.

Question 8

What was the effect of the Battle of Edgehill on Royalist forces?

Answer 8

Royalists emboldened but strategic indecision creeps in.

Question 9

What happened on 13 November 1642 at Turnham Green?

Answer 9

Stand-off; Royalist advance on London halted.

Question 10

What halted the Royalist advance on London at Turnham Green?

Answer 10

Massed Parliamentary forces and citizen militias.

Question 11

What was the consequence of the stand-off at Turnham Green?

Answer 11

Missed opportunity; momentum checked.

Question 12

What event in January to March 1643 indicates the growing strength of the Royalists?

Answer 12

Royalist offensives in the West Country, such as the storming of Cirencester

This period is characterized by consolidating Royalist power in the Southwest.

Question 13

What was the outcome of the Battle of Adwalton Moor on 30 June 1643?

Answer 13

Royalist victory under the Earl of Newcastle over Fairfax’s Parliamentarians

This victory secures Northern dominance for the Royalists, marking a moment of zenith.

Question 14

Which city was surrendered to Prince Rupert on 13 July 1643?

Answer 14

Bristol

The capture of Bristol represents a critical strategic and symbolic gain for the Royalists.

Question 15

What was the result of the First Battle of Newbury on 20 September 1643?

Answer 15

Inconclusive, but strategically problematic for Charles; Essex’s army holds the field

This battle signifies the beginning of a faltering Royalist momentum.

Question 16

What did Royalist diplomacy with Irish Confederates in late 1643 lead to?

Answer 16

The Cessation Treaty, giving Charles some breathing space but alienating Protestant support in England

This represents a significant political self-sabotage for the Royalists.

Question 17

What significant event occurred on 25 January 1644?

Answer 17

Scottish Covenanter Army crosses into England, providing Parliament with a massive ally

This event marked a shift in numerical and moral advantage for Parliament.

Question 18

What was the outcome of the Battle of Cheriton on 29 March 1644?

Answer 18

Royalist defeat, undermining Charles’s hopes of advancing on London

This battle led to increased strategic frustrations for the Royalists.

Question 19

What happened during the Battle of Marston Moor on 2 July 1644?

Answer 19

Crushing Royalist defeat by combined Parliamentarian and Covenanter forces

This battle resulted in the annihilation of Northern Royalist power.

Question 20

What was the outcome of the Second Battle of Newbury on 27 October 1644?

Answer 20

Another bloody stalemate; Royalists retreat, and Charles fails to regain initiative

This battle contributed to the momentum of New Model Army reforms.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: The Battle of Marston Moor was fought on _______.

Answer 21

2 July 1644

Question 22

True or False: The Scottish Covenanter Army’s entry into England was detrimental to Parliament’s position.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

List the key figures involved in the Battle of Marston Moor.

Answer 23

• Fairfax
• Manchester
• Cromwell

Question 24

Fill in the blank: The outcome of the Battle of Cheriton was a _______ for the Royalists.

Answer 24

defeat

Question 25

What was the primary effect of the Scottish Covenanter Army crossing into England?

Answer 25

Shift in numerical and moral advantage for Parliament ## Footnote The alliance significantly strengthened Parliament's position.

Question 26

What did the Second Battle of Newbury signify for Charles I?

Answer 26

Failure to regain initiative

Question 27

What did the Royalists experience after the Battle of Marston Moor?

Answer 27

Annihilation of Northern Royalist power

Question 28

What was created on 15 February 1645?

Answer 28

The New Model Army was created ## Footnote An ordinance was passed, and Sir Thomas Fairfax was appointed as its commander, with Oliver Cromwell given key cavalry command.

Question 29

Who was appointed commander of the New Model Army?

Answer 29

Sir Thomas Fairfax ## Footnote He led the creation of a professional and ideological army.

Question 30

What significant battle occurred on 14 June 1645?

Answer 30

The Battle of Naseby ## Footnote This battle resulted in a decisive victory for the New Model Army, shattering the Royalist field army.

Question 31

What was the outcome of the Battle of Naseby?

Answer 31

Royalist field army shattered and Charles's personal papers captured ## Footnote The captured papers revealed secret plots, which led to a loss of trust.

Question 32

What happened on 10 July 1645?

Answer 32

The Battle of Langport occurred ## Footnote Royalist forces under Goring were defeated, destroying West Country Royalist hopes.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: The decisive victory at Naseby led to the _______ of the Royalist field army.

Answer 33

shattering

Question 34

True or False: The New Model Army was a professional, ideological army.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Which key figure was given command of cavalry in the New Model Army?

Answer 35

Oliver Cromwell

Question 36

What was the significance of capturing Charles's personal papers at Naseby?

Answer 36

Revealed secret plots and killed trust

Question 37

What was destroyed as a result of the Battle of Langport?

Answer 37

West Country Royalist hopes