Tissue Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
are collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them.
A
Tissues
2
Q
four types of body tissues:
A
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
3
Q
____, or epithelium, covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body
A
Epithelial tissue
4
Q
Epithelial tissue other term
A
epithelium
5
Q
Functions of Epithelial tissue
A
Protecting underlying structures. Acting as a barrier. Permitting the passage of substances. Secreting substances. Absorbing substances.
6
Q
Single layer of cells according to Epithelial tissue
A
Simple epithelium
7
Q
What are the shape of simple cell
A
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
8
Q
More than one layer of cells
A
Stratified epithelium
9
Q
Stratified cell shape
A
Squamous Nonkeratinized (moist) Keratinized Cuboidal (very rare) Columnar (very rare)
10
Q
Modification of simple epithelium
A
Pseudostratified epithelium
11
Q
Pseudostratified cell shape
A
Columnar
12
Q
Modification of stratified epithelium
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transitional epithelium
13
Q
transitional cell shape
A
Roughly cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and squamouslike when stretched
14
Q
Structure: single layer of flat, often hexagonal cell; the nuclei appear as a bumps when viewed as a cross section because the cells are so flat
A
Simple squamous epithelium
15
Q
Function: Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against friction
A
Simple squamous epithelium
16
Q
Location: Lining a blood vessels (endothelium) and small ducts, alveoli of the lungs, portions of the kidney tubules, lining of serous membranes (mesothelium) of the body cavities (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal), and inner surface of the the tympanic membranes
A
Simple squamous epithelium
17
Q
Lining a blood vessels
A
endothelium
18
Q
lining of serous membranes
A
mesothelium
19
Q
body cavities
A
pleural, pericardial, peritoneal
20
Q
Structure: Single layer of cube shaped cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs)
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium
21
Q
kidney tubules
A
microvilli
22
Q
terminal bronchioles of the lungs
A
cilia
23
Q
Function: Secretion and absorption by cells of the of glands and choroid plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium
24
Q
Location: Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lings, surfaces of the ovaries.
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium
25
Structure: single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have cilia (bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubes, uterine tubes, and uterus) and microvilli (intestines
Simple columnar epithelium
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Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible for the movement of oocytes through the uterine tubes by ciliated cells of the glands, the stomach, and the intestines; absorption by cells of the small and large intestines.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
27
Location: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gall bladder, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain
Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Structure: multiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface; the epithelium can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized; in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the surface cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm; in keratinized stratified epithelium; the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced by a protein called keratin, and the cells are dead.
Stratified squamous epithelium
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Function: protection against abrasion; a barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body
Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Location: keratinized - primarily in skin; nonkeratinized- mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea
Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Structure: multiple layers of somewhat cube-shaped cells
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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Function: secretion, absorpation, protection against infection
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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Location: sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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Structure: multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cube-shaped cells; the cells are ciliated in the larynx.
Stratified columnar epithelium
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Function: Protection, secretion
Stratified columnar epithelium
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Location: Mammary gland ducts, larynx, a portion of the male urethra
Stratified columnar epithelium
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Structure: single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not; the nuclei of these cells are at different levels and appear stratified; the cells are almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Function: Synthesize and secret mucus onto the free surface; move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Location: Lining of the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubbes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of the lungs
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Structure: stratified cells that appear cube shaped when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid; the number of layers also decreases on stretch
Transitional epithelium
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Function: accommodate fluctuation in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protect against the caustic effects of urin
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Location: lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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is the most abundant tissue in the human body
Connective tissue
44
its main functions are to bind tissues together, reinforcement, insulation, protection and support
Connective tissue
45
functions of connective tissue:
1. Enclosing and separating other tissues.
2. Connecting tissues to one another.
3. Supporting and moving parts of the body.
4. Storing compounds.
5. Cushioning and insulating
6. Transporting
7. Protecting
46
Structure: the mesenchymal cells are irregularly shaped; the extracellular matrix is abundant and contains scattered reticular fibers
Mesenchyme
47
Location: Mesenchyme is the embryonic tissue from which connective tissues, as well as other tissues, arise
Mesenchyme
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Structure: mucous tissue is mesenchymal tissue that remains unspecialized; the cells are irregularly shaped; the extracellular matrix is abundant and contains scattered reticular fibers
Mucous connective tissue
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Location: umbilical cord of newborn
Mesenchyme
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Structure: cells within a fine network of mostly collagen fibers; often merges with denser conncetive tissue
areolar connective tissue
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Function: Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated
areolar connective tissue
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Location: widely distributed throughout the body; substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest; packing between glands, muscles, and nerves attaches the skin to underlying tissues
areolar connective tissue
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Structure: little extracellular matrix surrounding cells; the adipocytes are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell
Adipose tissue
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Function: packing material, thermal insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred
Adipose tissue
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Location: predominantly in subcutaneous areas in mesenteries, in renal pelvis, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, in mammary glands, in loose connective tissue that penetrates spaces and crevices
Adipose tissue
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Structure: fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged
Reticular tissue
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Function: provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemapoetic tissues
Reticular tissue
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Location: within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
Reticular tissue
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Structure: matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue
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Function: Able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation; great tensile strength and stretch resistance
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue
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Location: Tendons and ligaments
Dense regular collagenous connective tissue
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Attach muscle to bone
Tendons
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Attach bones to each other
Ligament
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Matrix composed of regularly arranged collagen fibers and elastic fibers
dense regular elastic connective tissue
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Function: able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band, with strength in the direction of fiber orientation
dense regular elastic connective tissue
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Location: vocal fold and elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck
dense regular elastic connective tissue
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Structure: Matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or in alternating planes of fibers oriented in a somewhat single direction
Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
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Function: tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions
Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
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Location: sheaths; most of the dermis of the skin; organ capsules and septa; outer covering of body tubes
Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
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Structure: matrix composed of bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions
Dense irregular elastic connective tissue
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Function: capable of strength, with stretching and recoil in several directions
Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
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Location: elastic arteries
Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
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Structure: collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent; the cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix
Hyaline cartilage
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Function: allows the growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms rugged, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic skeleton
Hyaline cartilage
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Location: growing long ones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surface of bones, embryonic skeleton
Hyaline cartilage
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Structure: collagen fibers similar to those in hyaline cartilage; the fibes are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bindles.
Fibrocartilage
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Function: somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure
Fibrocartilage
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Location: intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis articular disks
Fibrocartilage
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Structure: similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastic fibers
elastic cartilage
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Function: provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched.
Fibrocartilage
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Location: external ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes
Fibrocartilage
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Structure: latticelike network of scaffolding characterized by trabeculae with large spaces between them filled with hemopoietic tissue; the osteocytes, or bone cells, are located within lacunae in the trabeculae
Spongy bone
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Function: acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone
Spongy bone
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Location: in the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones
Spongy bone
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Structure: hard, bony matrix predominates; many osteocytes are located within lacunaw that are distributed in a circular fashion around the central canls; small passageways connect adjacent lacunae
compact bone
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Function: provides grat strength and support; forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured
compact bones
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Location: outer portions of all bones, the shafts of long bones
compact bones
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Structure: blood cells and a fluid matrix
blood
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Function: transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation
blood
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Location: within the blood vessels; white blood cells frequently leave the blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces
blood
91
Structure: reticular framework with numerous blood-forming cells (red-marrow)
Bone marrow
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Function: produces new blood cells; stores lipids
bone marrow
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blood cells
red marrow
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lipinds
yellow marrow
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Location: within marrow cavities of bone; two types: 1. red marrow in the ends of long bones and in short, flat, and irregular shaped bones and (2) yellow marrow, mostly adipose tissue, in the shafts of long bones
Bone marrow
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hemopoietic or blood forming tissue
red marrow
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main characteristic of ____ is that it contracts, or shortens, with a force and therefore is responsible for movement
muscle tissue
98
Location: attached to bones
skeletal muscle
99
Location: in the heart
cardiac muscle
100
Location: in the walls of hollow organs; blood vessels, eyyes, glands, skin
smooth muscle
101
Cell shape: very long cylindrical cells
skeletal muscle
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Cell shape: cylindrical cells that branch
cardiac muscle
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cell shape: spindle-shaped cells
smooth muscle
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Nucleus: multinucleated, peripherally located
skeletal muscle
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nucleus: single, centrally located
cardiac and smooth muscle
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Has striations
skeletal and cardiac muscle
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it is voluntary
skeletal smooth
108
ability to contract spontaneously
cardial smooth
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Function: moves the body
skeletal muscle
110
Function: provides the major force for moving blood vessels
cardiac muscle
111
Function: moves food through the digestive tract, empties the urinary bladder, regulates blood vessel diameter, changes pupil size, contracts many gland ducts, moves hair, performs many other functions
smooth muscle
112
there are no special features
skeletal muscle
113
Branching fibers, intercalated disks containing gap junctions joining the cells to each other
cardiac muscle
114
gap junctions
smooth muscle
115
is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and is characterized by the ability to conduct electrical signals called action potentials.
Nervous tissue
116
the ability to conduct electrical signals called
action potentials
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Nervous tissue consists of
neurons and neuroglia
118
responsible for its conductive ability
neurons
119
support cells
neuroglia
120
are the functioning unit of the nervous system.
neurons
121
nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.
Neuroglia
122
Neuron is composed of three major parts:
Cell body
dendrites
axons
123
contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell functions
Cell body
124
usually receive action potentials
Dendrites
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conducts action potentials away from the cell body
Axons
126
is the response that occurs when tissues are damaged.
Inflammation
127
Inflammation has five major manifestations
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redness
heat
swelling
pain
disturbed function
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128
is the substitution of viable cells for dead cells
Tissue repair
129
can occur by regeneration or replacement
Tissue repair
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new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored
regeneration
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a new type of tissue develops, which eventually produces a scar and causes the loss of some tissue function
replacement
