Tissue Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
What is tissue?
A
A group of similar cells that work together
To perform a common function
2
Q
What is histology
A
Study of tissues
3
Q
Composition of epithelial tissue
A
Tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix
4
Q
Functions of epithelial tissue
A
Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, sensory receptors
5
Q
Subtypes of epithelial tissue
A
Simple
(Squamous,cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified columnar)
Stratified
(Squamous, cuboidal,columnar, transistional)
6
Q
Composition of connective tissue
A
Contains cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
7
Q
Functions of connective tissue
A
Binds, supports, and protects other tissues and organs
8
Q
Subtypes of connective tissue
A
Connective tissue proper
Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
Supporting connective tissue
Cartilage (hyaline elastic, fibrocartilage)
Bone
Fluid connective tissue
(blood, lymph)
9
Q
Composition of muscle tissue
A
Cells that may be cylindrical, branching, or spindle-shaped; contain contractile proteins (myofilaments)
10
Q
Functions of muscle tissue
A
Moves the skeleton, organ walls, or body structures; this tissue is contractile, conductive, elastic extensible, and excitable
11
Q
Subtypes of muscle tissue
A
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
12
Q
Composition of nervous tissue
A
Contains neurons and glial cells
13
Q
Function of nervous tissue
A
Neurons transmit nerve impulses and process information, glial cells support, protect, and nourish neurons
14
Q
Two main types of epithelial
A
Covering and lining- internal and external surfaces
Glandular- secretory tissue in glands
15
Q
Cellularity of epithelial tissue
A
Closely packed cells with little to no ECM
Tight junctions and desmosomes
16
Q
Polarity of epithelial tissue
A
Apical and basal surfaces
17
Q
What supports epithelial tissue by the basement membrane
A
Connective tissue
18
Q
Avascularity of epithelial tissue
A
Does NOT have its own blood supply
19
Q
Innerverated of epithelial tissue
A
Rich nerve supply
20
Q
Rate of regeneration of epithelial tissue
A
High, needs to constantly repair through mitosis
21
Q
Apical surface of epithelial tissue has what 2 structures
A
Microvilli- projections that increase surface area
Cilia- help move things across surface (undulate)
22
Q
What does the basal surface secrete
A
Basal lamina (part of basement membrane)
Composed of glycoproteins
23
Q
What is the name of the underlying connective tissue under epithelial tissue? What does it do? And what does it produce?
A
Lamina propria
Physical and nutrient support, waste removal
Produces reticular lamina (apart of the basement membrane)
24
Q
What 2 parts make up the basement membrane?
A
Basal lamina and reticular lamina
25
What is the basement membrane composed of
Glycoproteins and collagen
Noncellular
26
What does the basement membrane do
“Glues”
Determines what can pass through epithelial
Acts as scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair
27
2 types of stratified squamous
Keratinized
Nonkeratinized
28
What is simple epithelial best suited for
Absorption, secretion, diffusion
29
What is stratified epithelial best suited for
Protection
30
What is endothelium
Simple squamous epithelium lining blood vessels
31
What is mesothelium
Simple squamous portion of serous membranes
32
What does simple cuboidal form
Walls of many ducts and glands in the body
33
What are goblet cells and where can you find them
Cell producing mucus
Simple columnar epithelium
34
Where can you find non-ciliated and ciliated simple columnar epithelium
Non-ciliated - contains microvilli, lines digestive tract
Ciliated- lines bronchi and uterine tubes
35
Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Secretion and movement of mucus
36
Where is non-ciliated and ciliated pseudostratified columnar? Do they have goblet cells?
Non-ciliated - no goblet cell, lines sperm carrying ducts
Ciliated- has goblet cells, lines trachea and most upper respiratory tract
37
Where does cell regeneration occur in stratified epithelial
Basal layer
38
What is the most common type of stratified epithelium
Stratified squamous
39
Keratinized simple squamous epithelial tissue
Apical cells dead
Full of the protein keratin
Epidermis of skin
40
Non-Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Apical cells alive
Lack the protein keratin
Mucous membranes
41
Where is stratified cuboidal? Stratified columnar?
Walls of exocrine gland ducts
Male urethra and some glandular ducts
42
What is a gland
Individual cell or organ that make and secrete substances that can be used elsewhere in the body or eliminated from the body
43
Endocrine glands
Ductless gland
Secrete products (hormones) into the blood
44
Exocrine glands
Secrete products into ducts (unless unicellular)
Ducts transport secretions onto body surfaces or into body cavities
45
Unicellular exocrine glands
No duct
Found in epithelial tissue, resp, digestive tract
Produce mucin
Ex. Goblet cell
46
Multicellular exocrine glands
Composed of duct and secretory unit (bulb)
Surrounded by supportive capsule of connective tissue
47
2 different ducts in multicellular gland
Simple- unbranded ducts
Compound- branched ducts
48
3 Shapes of secretory portion of multicellular glands
Tubular- same diameter as duct
Acinar- expanded sac
Tubuloacinar- both tubular and sac section
49
Merocrine
Merrily
Product packaged into vesicles and released by exocytosis
50
Apocrine
Apart
Accumulates product in apical side, apical surface pinches off, cell repairs and does again
51
Halocrine
Whole explode
Accumulates product in cell, whole cell bursts and separates, cell replaced with cell division
52
Four classes of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage (supporting C.T)
Bone (supporting C.T)
Blood (fluid C.T)
53
What is the most diverse and abundant tissue type
Connective tissue
54
Function of connective tissue
Supporting
Binding
Protecting
Transporting substances
55
What is the origin of connective tissue
Mesenchyme
56
What is connective tissue mostly made of
Non-living ECM
57
What is the matrix of connective tissue made of
Fibers
Ground substance
58
3 basic components of connective tissue
Cells
Protein fibers (collagen elastic reticular)
Ground substance
59
3 components of ground substance in ECM
Mostly water
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
60
What do proteoglycans in ground substance do
Attract water in varying amounts
Affecting viscosity
61
What do glycoproteins do in ground substance
Adhesion proteins
Attach and anchor cells and fibers
62
What fills space between cells and fibers
Ground substance
63
3 types of fibers in ECM
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
64
Collagen fibers
Strongest
Most abundant
Unbranched
Provides high tensile strength
65
Elastic fibers
Long
Thin
Allows for stretch and recoil
66
Reticular fibers
Short
Thin
Branching fibers composed of diff. Types of collagen
Provide framework
Structure and support
Attachment point for cells
67
Prefix of cell types: blast & cyte
Blast: immature cells that are mitotically active they produce ECM
Cyte: mature cells, maintain the matrix
68
Where are these cells found: chondro, osteo, fibro
Chondro: cartilage
Osteo: bone
Fibro: connective tissue proper
69
Resident cells
Stationary cells permanently within the tissue
Support, maintain, repair ECM
70
Wandering cells
Continuously move throughout tissue
Components of immune system
71
Breakdowns of connective tissue proper
1. Loose connective tissue
a. Areolar
b. Adipose
c. Reticular
2. Dense connective tissue
a. Dense regular
b. Dense irregular
c. Elastic
72
Breakdowns of supporting connective tissue
1. Cartilage (semisolid matrix)
a. Hyaline cartilage
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
2. Bone (solid matrix)
a. Compact
b. Spongy
73
Breakdowns of fluid connective tissue
1. Blood
2. Lymph
74
Function of connective tissue proper
Binds structures together
75
Functions of supporting connective tissue
Provides physical protection or structural framework
76
Function of fluid connective tissue
Transports substances
77
Dominant resident cell in connective tissue proper
Fibroblasts
78
Loose connective tissue
Fewer fibers
More ground substance
Fibers scattered
Packing material (holds things in place)
79
What is the most abundant connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
80
Dense connective tissue
More fibers
Less ground substance
Fiber densely packed
81
Components of Areolar connective tissue
Has all 3 fibers
Gel like matrix
82
Function of areolar connective tissue
Wraps/binds
Connects structures
83
Where is areolar connective tissue
Under epithelial tissues of body
Surrounds organs
Papillary layer of dermis
Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
84
Components of adipose tissue
Similar matrix to areolar but more sparse
Closely packed adipocytes
85
Function of adipose tissue
Energy storage
Insulation
Cushion/protection
86
Location of adipose tissue
Subcutaneous (under skin)
Around organs
In abdomen and breasts
87
Components of reticular connective tissue
Network of reticular fibers
Many white blood cells present
88
Function of reticular connective tissue
Forms stroma
(Structural framework for cells of organs)
89
Location of reticular connective tissue
Lymphoid organs
(Lymphatic system)
90
Components of dense regular connective tissue
Abundant collagen fibers
Tight and Parallel fibers
91
Functions of dense regular connective tissue
Resists tensile strength when force applied in 1 direction
92
Location of dense regular connective tissue
Tendons and ligaments
93
Which dense connective tissue has low vascularity and which has high vascularity
Low- dense regular connective tissue- slow healing
High- dense irregular connective tissue- quick healing
94
Components of dense irregular connective tissue
Densely packed
Randomly arranged bundles of collagen fibers
95
Function of dense irregular connective tissue
Resists tensile strength in many directions
Tough and durable
96
Location of dense irregular connective tissue
Dermis of skin
Outer covering of bone and cartilage
Fibrous capsule of some organs and joints
97
Components of Elastic connective tissue
Dense regular arrangement of collagen and elastic fiber
High portion of elastic fibers
98
Function of elastic connective tissue
Stretch
Recoil
99
Location of elastic connective tissue
Walls of large arteries
Vocal cords
Bronchial tubes
100
Where do mature cells reside in cartilage
Lacunae
101
Is cartilage vascular or a vascular
Avascular
102
Components of cartilage
Firm
Semisolid ECM
Collagen and elastic fibers
103
What is the most common type of cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
104
Components of hyaline cartilage
Firm matrix
Glassy ground substance
Non visible collagen fibers
105
Function of hyaline cartilage
Support
Reinforcement
Cushioning
106
Location of hyaline cartilage
Trachea
Embryonic joints
Rib cage
Joints
Nose
Larynx
107
Most bones start off as what before ossifying
Hyaline cartilage
108
Components of elastic cartilage
Similar to hyaline
Abundant elastic fibers
Closely packed chondrocytes
Less ground substance
109
Function of elastic cartilage
Maintains shape while allowing great flexibility
110
Location of elastic cartilage
External ear
Epiglottis
111
Components of fibrocartilage
Similar to hyaline
Less firm
Thick irregularly arranged bundles of collagen fibers
Limited ground substances
112
Function of fibrocartilage
Absorbs compression shock
113
Location of fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs of spine
Meniscus of knee
114
Components of bone
Hard calcified matrix
Many collagen fibers
115
T of F bone is highly vascularized
True
116
Function of bone
Support
Protect
Stores nutrients
Triglyceride energy storage (yellow marrow)
Create all blood cells
117
Function of blood
Transport of:
Resp gases
Nutrients
Waste
118
Contractile proteins in muscle cell
Actin and myosin
119
Name the muscle type: multinucletic, long cylindrical muscle fibers, parallel bundles, striations
Skeletal muscle
120
Which muscle types are involuntary and voluntary
Voluntary: skeletal
Involuntary: cardiac & smooth
121
Function of skeletal muscle
Movement of skeleton
Generate heat
Locomotion
122
Location of skeletal muscle
Muscles attached to bones of skeleton
123
Name the muscle type: short branching cells, intercalated discs, uninucleate, striation
Cardiac muscle
124
Functions of cardiac muscle
Propels blood into circulation
125
Location of cardiac muscle
Walls of heart
126
Name the muscle type: spindle-shaped cells, uninucleate, lacks striations, forms sheets
Smooth muscle
127
Function of smooth muscle
Propels substance through organs
128
Location of smooth muscle
Walls of hollow organs
Iris of eye
129
What are neurons
Nerve cells specialized to generate and conduct nerve impulses
130
What are dendrites
Short
Numerous
Receive incoming signals
131
What are axons
Single
Long extensions
Transmits outgoing signals
132
What are glial cells
Supporting cells
Do not conduct impulses
Protect
Nourish
Support neurons
133
Function of nervous tissue
Internal communication
Electrical signals from receptors to effectors
Regulates and controls body function
134
Location of nervous tissue
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
135
Regeneration of tissue repair
Same type of tissue replaces damaged tissue
Restores original tissue function
136
Fibrosis tissue repair
Connective tissue replaces damaged tissue
Original tissue function lost
137
When does fibrous tissue repair happen
When damage is too severe
Cells don’t have capacity to divide
138
3 stages of tissue repair process
1. Inflammation- sets the stage
2. Organization- restores the blood supply
3. Regeneration/Fibrosis- permanent repair
139
Inflammation stage of tissue repair
Vessel bleeds
Inflammatory chemicals are released
Local blood vessels become more permeable
Clotting occurs
140
Organization restore of tissue repair
Clot is replaced by granulation tissue, restores vascular supply
Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge gap
Macrophages phagocytize dead cells and other debris
Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over granulation tissue
141
Regeneration/fibrosis of tissue repair
Fibrosed area matures and contracts, epithelium thickens
Fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue results
142
What tissue regenerates very well
Epithelial tissue
Bone
Areolar connective
Dense irregular connective
Blood-forming tissue
143
Which tissues regenerate moderately
Smooth muscle
Dense regular connective
144
Which tissues have no functional regenerative capacity
Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue
145
Membrane
Formed from an epithelial layer bound to an underlying connective tissue
146
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
Largest membrane
Covers external body surface
147
Mucous membrane
Lines body cavity open to the exterior
Ex. Digestive and respiratory tract
148
Composition of mucous membrane
Epithelium
Underlying connective tissue
149
Serous membrane
Lines body cavities closed to the exterior and surfaces or organs
150
Composition of serous membrane
Simple squamous epithelium- mesothelium
Underlying connective tissue
151
2 layers of serous membrane
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
152
Serous cavity
Space between layers where fluid is secreted
153
Serous fluid
Acts as lubricant that reduces friction
154
Composition of cutaneous membrane
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Underlying connective tissue
