Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
are masses of similar cells (and their extracellular matrix) that combine with other tissues to form membranes or organs.
A
Tissues
2
Q
The systematic study of tissue types is called?
A
histology
3
Q
There are four basic tissue types in the human:
A
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
4
Q
can have either of two basic roles: covering/ lining or glandular
A
Epithelial tissue
5
Q
The first kind, ___ epithelium, is found in sheets that cover body structures (e.g., the outer layer of the skin) or line body spaces (e.g., the lining of the stomach). A key characteristic of ___ epithelium is that it always has one side exposed, or free to face outward (covering) or inward (lining). Because the cells form a continuous sheet, they are held together very tightly and have very little matrix (extracellular material).
A
covering/lining
6
Q
The ___ of the epithelial sheet is attached to underlying connective tissue by the basement membrane.
A
nonfree face
7
Q
The ____ is a thin, glue-like layer that holds the epithelium in place while remaining highly permeable to water and other substances. This is important because epithelia do not have their own blood supply. Water and other important substances must diffuse between the epithelial cells and the underlying tissue through the ____.
A
basement membrane
8
Q
The second kind of epithelium is the type that forms glands.
___ epithelium forms the functional portions of exocrine and endocrine glands
A
Glandular
9
Q
glands that secrete substances into ducts that empty onto epithelial surfaces
A
Exocrine glands
10
Q
glands that secrete substances that diffuse into the bloodstream
A
Endocrine glands
11
Q
—This category includes all tissues that have exactly one layer of cells.
A
Simple
12
Q
— This group includes epithelia with more than one layer (or stratum) of cells.
A
Stratified
13
Q
— Shaped like fish scales, these cells are much wider than they are tall when viewed in a cross-section. Nuclei may be absent in cross-sections.
A
Squamous
14
Q
— As their name implies, these cells are approximately cube shaped-about as tall as they are wide. Do not expect squared corners, as in a cube. Although they sometimes appear that way in a cross-section, they more often resemble rounded squares or even circles.
A
Cuboidal
15
Q
—These column-like (rectangular) cells are taller than they are wide when viewed in a cross-section.
A
Columnar
16
Q
Pseudostratified means
“false stratified.” This term is based on the fact that the epithelium looks as if it is stratified but is really only one layer deep. This illusion is caused by the way the cells seem to be pushed together, with some nuclei pushed into the upper portion of the cell and nuclei of other cells located in the bottom part.
The nuclei then seem to form an upper and lower row, giving the illusion of two rows of cells. Remember, cell membranes are often too thin for you to be able to see the boundary between epithelial cells.
A
Pseudostratified columnar-
17
Q
—The term refers to the fact that these cells change shape as the need arises, being stretched or compressed into any of the three shapes already listed.
These cells are usually found as a hodgepodge of different cell shapes in membranes subject to a great degree of stretching and recoil.
IT IS ALWAYS STRATIFIED
A
Transitional
18
Q
are short, hair-like projections from each cell’s free surface that propel material along the epithelial surface.
A
Cilia
19
Q
The upper layers of cells are dead (evidenced by the lack of nuclei) and filled with a tough, waterproof material called.
A
keratin
20
Q
If your sample has a thick sheet of material with no visible nuclei along its free surface, it is probably.
A
keratinized
21
Q
samples have nucleated squamous cells along the free edge.
A
Nonkeratinized
22
Q
Alveoli of lungs
Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels (called endothelium; classed as connective tissue by some histologists)
Surface layer of pleura, pericardium, peritoneum (called mesothelium;
classed as connective tissue by some histologists)
A
Simple squamous
23
Q
In many types of glands and their ducts; also found in ducts and tubules of other organs, such as the kidney
A
Simple cuboidal
24
Q
Surface layer of mucous lining of stomach, intestines, and part of respiratory tract
A
Simple columnar
25
Surface of mucous membrane lining trachea, large bronchi, nasal mucosa, and parts of male reproductive tract (epididymis and vas deferens); lines large ducts of some glands (e.g., parotid)
Pseudostratified columnar
26
Surface of mucous membrane lining mouth, esophagus, and vagina
Surface of skin (epidermis)
Stratified squamous
- nonkeratinized
- keratinized
27
Surface of mucous membrane lining urinary bladder and ureters
Transitional
28
Absorption by diffusion of respiratory gases between alveolar air and blood
Absorption by diffusion, filtration, osmosis
Absorption by diffusion and osmosis; also secretion
Simple squamous
29
Secretion; absorption
Simple cuboidal
30
Protection; secretion; absorption; moving of mucus (by ciliated columnar epithelium)
Simple columnar
31
Protection
Stratified squamous
32
Permits stretching
Transitional
33
is a single layer of flattened cells. This type of epithelium forms the very thin lining found in the blood vessels, in the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, and in other areas where thin membranes are required. Because it is so thin, it is well adapted for diffusion or filtration of water, gases, and other substances.
Simple squamous epithelium
34
Viewed from the side, as in a cross-section, ____ looks like a thin line of cells often with distinguishable nuclei
Viewed as a sheet from above, it looks like a two-dimensional layout of polygonal or rounded “tiles," each with a central nucleus
simple squamous epithelium
35
Composed of a single layer of almost cubic cells, this type is found in secreting organs such as glands. It also forms the kidney tubules, where it is specialized for water reabsorption and ion movement
Simple cuboidal epithelium
36
Forming linings specialized for absorption and secretion, it is found in many parts of the body
For example, this type of epithelium lines portions of the reproductive tract, digestive tract, excretory ducts, and respiratory tract.
Simple columnar epithelium
37
A special cell that is often interspersed among the other columnar cells is the ?
It resembles its namesake, the wine __, in that it has a large, cup-like vesicle that may open onto the free surface. The cup has no wine but rather ____, which the ___ cells produce in great quantity.
goblet cell, mucus
38
has many functions, including the lubrication and protection of the epithelial lining.
Mucus
39
often line cavities with deeply folded or grooved walls. The specimen, then, will appear to zigzag when viewed in a cross-section. However, one surface of the sheet is always free even though the free surfaces may fold back and touch one another.
Simple columnar sheets
40
— This type of epithelium is a single layer of columnar cells that all attach to the basement membrane. However, some cells are short and do not quite reach the free surface. Nuclei of short cells are nearer the basement membrane than the nuclei of tall cells, so there appear to be two rows of cells.
Found in both ciliated and nonciliated forms. It is found in many of the same general areas of the body as simple columnar epithelium (e.g, the upper throat, upper respiratory tract, and parts of the male urinary and reproductive tracts).
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
41
Naming a glycoprotein-water solution
Mucus
42
Is an adjective describing something covered with mucus
Mucous
43
— This tissue type is composed of multiple layers of cells: columnar cells along the basement membrane, topped by cuboidal cells, then by squamous cells. Cells divide in the columnar layer and are pushed upward, where they are distorted into cuboi-dal, then squamous, cells.
The cells on the surface slough off but are continually replaced by cells moving up from the bottom layer. Because of its thickness and its constant renewal, it is well adapted for protection.
Stratified squamous epithelium
44
Typically has a dense concentration of nuclei (of columnar and cuboidal cells) near the basement membrane, becoming less dense toward the free surface. Most of the squamous cells near the free surface should have identifiable nuclei.
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
45
samples will be from the epidermis (outer layer) of the skin. They will look similar to nonkeratinized speci-mens, except that they have distinct additional layers overlying the top layers of squamous cells. This layer has no distinguishable nuclei.
Keratinized stratified squamous
46
Is adapted for stretching, so it is found in areas subject to a great deal of elastic stress. You will most likely see specimens from the lining of the urinary bladder, which must stretch a great deal from time to time throughout the day
Transitional epithelium
47
resembles nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium at first glance. However, it often has rounded cuboidal cells in the top layer (rather than only squamous cells). Depending on the individual specimen, you may see a great variety of shapes scattered throughout the tissue. Some of them may have a sort of distorted teardrop or umbrella shape.
This gives the tissue a rather unorganized appearance, compared with the other epithelial types.
Transitional epithelium
48
Some tissues are called ____ because they act as connections among various other tissues.
Bone, cartilage, and fibrous actually hold parts together or support them in some way.
Blood tissue connects other tissues in the sense of transporting materials between them.
Bone tissue is an important storage site for calcium and phosphorus— minerals that are vital to proper function in many parts of the body.
connective tissues
49
A structural feature common to all connective tissues is the dominance of the
tissue matrix, or extracellular material
50
is extracellular material composed of many substances but with a dominance of protein fibers.
Protein matrix
51
is a common protein, forming bundles of tough, flexible fibers. Because they have a whitish color, __ fibers are often called white fibers.
Collagen
52
, a stretchy, fibrous protein, forms thick, single fibers in connective tissue matrices. ___ fibers are sometimes called yellow fibers.
Elastin
53
tissues are categorized as either dense fibrous or loose fibrous, depending on the density of protein fibers in the matrix.
Fibrous connective tissue
54
can either be dense regular fibrous (having regular parallel bundles of fibers) or dense irregular fibrous (having an irregular hodgepodge of fibers).
Dense fibrous tissue
55
is also called areolar tissue.
Loose fibrous tissue
56
tissue is often simply called fat tissue because its primary function is the storage of fat (for later use or for body support).
It is actually a modified form of areolar tissue, with fat storage cells having been filled with stored lipids and expanded into the extracellular spaces
Adipose
57
is extracellular material that has some protein fibers in it but also a great deal of nonfibrous protein and other substances.
Protein/ground substance matrix
58
The matrix of ___ is a combination of fibers and ground substance that gives it a rubbery quality.
Cartilage
59
has a moderate amount of collagen fiber in its matrix.
Hyaline cartilage
60
As its name implies, has a large amount of collagen fiber in its matrix
Fibrocartilage
61
Is distinguished by the presence of elastin fibers, giving it a stretchy quality.
Elastic cartilage
62
2 Categories of bones
Both have a matrix of collagen fibers encrusted with mineral crystals that give it a solid consistency.
compact bone and cancellous (spongy) bone.
63
forms rather large dense pieces of bone matrix.
Compact bone
64
forms thin, narrow beams of hard bone matrix in which red bone marrow can be supported
Cancellous bone
65
is composed of a water-based solution with a fluid consistency.
Fluid matrix
66
is composed of a water-based solution with a fluid consistency.
Fluid matrix
67
is the major type of fluid matrix connective tissue.
Blood
68
are suspended within the fluid plasma and can slide past one another freely.
Blood cells
69
which produces blood cells. It is also called MYELOID tissue, or simply red bone marrow.
hematopoietic tissue
70
Cells that produce matrix often have the suffix
-blast ("make")
71
Cells that destroy matrix during remodeling have the suffix
-clast ("break").
72
Cells that are in a relatively inactive mode have the suffix
-cyte ("cell")
73
The first part of the name tells the specific kind of matrix involved:
fibro- ("___")
chondro- ("__")
osteo- ("___")
fiber
cartilage
bone
74
What are the connective tissues
Fluid matrix
Protein matrix
Protein/ground substance matrix
75
Fluid matrix
Blood
Hematopoietic
76
Protein matrix
Fibrous
Adipose
77
Fibrous
Loose
Dense
Reticular
78
Dense
Regular
Irregular
79
Protein/ground substance matrix
Cartilage
Bone
80
Cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
81
Bone
Compact
Cancellous
82
(Areolar: meaning "spacious") tissue forms loose bonds between other tissues.
For example, under the skin, it allows the skin to be slid around, over, or pulled from the underlying muscle to some degree.
Both collagen and elastin fibers are found in this tissue but are widely spaced.
Loose fibrous (areolar)
83
in common white fat are specialized to store lipids in large vesicles. The vesicle can be so large that it pushes the nucleus and other organelles up to the cell membrane, which enlarges to accommodate the large cell volume
Some histologists classify adipose tissue as a subcategory of areolar tissue. If the adipose cells in areolar tissue enlarge (because of increased storage of fat), they crowd the fibers and other cells, eventually forming ____
Thus ___ has very little matrix compared with other connective tissue types.
It is most often seen around the heart and kidney and under the skin. It not only stores lipids for later use, but it also serves as support (as in the breasts), as insulation (under the skin), and as a cushion (you are sitting on it).
Adipose tissue
84
is named for a word that means "network," referring to this tissue's characteristic three-dimensional web of fine reticular fibers
The fine fibers that characterize this tissue are made of a special type of collagen.
are found overlying the fine fibers that form the reticular meshwork. Branches of the cytoplasm of reticular cells follow the branching reticular fibers.
It forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow cavities. It functions as part of the body's defensive system.
Reticular tissue
85
As its name indicates, this tissue is a dense arrangement of fibers.
They may be collagen fibers or elastic fibers.
Their arrangement may be regular (approximately parallel) or irregular (swirling or random).
Interspersed among the fibers of a mature tissue are ___.
Dense fibrous tissue
Fibrocytes
86
forms the lower layer of the skin (dermis), much of the body's fascia, and the capsules of many organs
Dense irregular fibrous tissue
87
Is used for structures that require a better-engineered connection between parts that are pulled with great force.
For example, the collagen fiber-rich variety of this tissue forms tendons (connecting muscle to bone) and ligaments (connecting bone to bone).
However, the elastic fiber-rich variety is located most abundantly in large arteries such as the aorta.
Dense regular fibrous tissue
88
has a moderate amount of collagen, giving it a great deal of toughness along with its cushiony quality.
This cartilage type forms the bulk of the fetal skeleton (before it is replaced by bone) and continues to be the most abundant type of cartilage throughout life.
It forms the thin, rubbery layer over the ends of long bones and is found in parts of the larynx, nose, and trachea.
Specimens of cartilage may exhibit a fibrous peri-chondrium surrounding the cartilage tissue.
Hyaline cartilage
89
The name of this tissue indicates its high concentration of collagen fibers. These fibers give the tissue a distinctive fibrous appearance
It has a more rigid, less rubbery consistency than other cartilage types.
It forms the disks between vertebrae and may be found at other semimovable joints.
Fibrocartilage
90
As its name implies, it has a large proportion of elastin fibers in its matrix.
It is found in structures in which springiness is desirable in the support material.
For example, the elasticity of the pinna (ear flap)
Elastic cartilage
91
is formed by solid, cylindrical units called ___ packed tightly together. The __, or haversian system, consists of multiple concentric layers of hard bone matrix, with cells sandwiched between each layer
Each layer is a ____ (plural, lamellae).
Osteocytes are literally trapped within lacunae between the lamellae.
The osteocytes were once active osteoblasts but have trapped themselves in the solid matrix they formed.
Compact bone
Osteons
Lamella
92
The ___ are centered around the central (haversian) canal's blood vessels.
The cells transport materials to and from the canal by way of tiny ___ ("small canals") that connect the osteocytes to one another and to the canal.
lamellae
canaliculi
93
is easily identified by its open, lattice-like structure. Thin plates of bone matrix, with a scattering of osteocytes trapped within lacunae, form structural beams that have great strength despite the open spaces.
These beams of hard bone are called___.
Because it has open spaces, it is sometimes called spongy bone.
This name can be misleading because one might think spongy bone is as soft as a bath sponge. It is not soft at all because it has hard trabeculae.
The spaces are filled with___ or myeloid tissue; a special type of blood tissue that produces new blood cells. ____ is also called red bone marrow.
Cancellous (spongy) bone
trabeculae
hematopoietic
94
is a fluid matrix connective tissue characterized by a variety of cell types.
Blood tissue
95
It transports and exchanges materials, serves in immune protection of the body, and helps to regulate body temperature, among other functions.
Blood
96
____ in muscle tissue allows a muscle organ to pull with great force. Such pulling can move the skeleton or squeeze the contents of a hollow organ.
Contraction
97
All muscle tissues are composed of long, cylindrical cells called
muscle fibers
98
____ are living cells, unlike connective tissue fibers, which are nonliving protein fibers.
Muscle fibers
99
Gets its name because it forms muscular organs that attach to the skeleton and move its parts.
Skeletal muscle
100
This tissue is also called striated muscle and voluntary muscle because it has striations (stripes) and is primarily controlled by the conscious mind and the voluntary motor nerves.
Skeletal muscle
101
Are large, fiber-like cells with fine cross stripes and many nuclei per
____ fibers and bundles of muscle fibers often have a coating of fibrous connective tissue.
Skeletal muscle
102
is also known as striated involuntary muscle.
This tissue also has striations, although less distinct than in skeletal muscle
It is involuntary in the sense that its contraction is not under the control of the voluntary motor nerves.
is found only in the walls of the heart. Because it must encircle and compress the heart chambers with great strength to pump blood
Cardiac muscle
103
Cardiac muscle fibers are fused end to end by ____. This branching and fusing gives a group of cells the ability to functionally imitate a giant cell encircling one or more chambers of the heart.
intercalated disks
104
gets its name because it has no distinct striations.
Like cardiac muscle, it also is an involuntary muscle type.
is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as digestive organs and blood vessels.
This tissue type is composed of long, thread-like cells, each with a single nucleus.
The cells are generally parallel with one another and with the edge of the wall in which they are embedded
Smooth muscle
105
composes organs of the nervous system: the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Two basic types of cells are found in this tissue:
1.)
2.)
NERVOUS TISSUE
- neurons
- glia
106
(impulse-conducting cells)
neurons
107
(support cells).
There are many types of ___, or neuroglia, as they are sometimes called, but they are generally smaller than neurons, which they outnumber by several times.
____ surround and support neurons physically or biochemically.
Glia
108
are large cells with nucleated bodies and projections called axons and dendrites
Neurons
