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Anatomy > Tissue > Flashcards

Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  • striated appearance
  • produce force = muscle actions (unique to muscle tissue)
  • it’s all about the cells; not much intercellular material
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2
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • carries and transfers information

- a lot of extracellular material, but it is NOT functional

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3
Q

Neuron

A
  • cell of nervous tissue
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4
Q

Connective Tissue (CT)

A
  • support, anchor, attach, and connect other tissues

- matrix gives CT its functional characteristic

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5
Q

4 Types of CT

A

1 - Fibrous

2 - Cartilage

3 - Bone

4 - Blood

All contain proteins: 1) collagen 2) elastic 3) reticular

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6
Q

Collagen

A
  • type of CT fiber (Tri-Helical structure)
  • well organized, mature fibers
  • resist TENSILE forces (very little stretch)
  • cannot resist compressive forces
  • most abundant protein in the body
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7
Q

Tissues

A
  • group of similar cells and intercellular substance which serve specific function
  • intercellular = extracellular = matrix = ground substance
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8
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A

1 - Epithelial
2 - Muscle
3 - Nervous
4 - Connective

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9
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • lining of internal and external surfaces
  • primarily cells (very little matrix)
  • protects other tissues
  • regulates movement into and out of other tissues
  • i.e. lining -> get beat up andd must be replaced frequently.
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10
Q

Elastic Fibers

A
  • develops tension and then returns to original shape (i.e. rubber band)
  • made from elastin
  • ability to stretch; it will yield
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11
Q

Reticular Fibers

A
  • unorganized, immature collagen fibrils
  • small fibers
  • produced by FIBROBLAST
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12
Q

Loose Fibrous CT Subclasses

A

1 - Areolar

2 - Adipose

3 - Reticular

  • Loose = not as many fibers
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13
Q

Dense Fibrous CT Subclasses

A

1 - Regular

2 - Irregular

3 - Elastic

  • Dense = more fibers
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14
Q

Loose Fibrous CT

A
  • most abundant CT
  • mostly collagen
  • filler tissue
  • holds vessels and nerves
  • poorly organized
  • found in subcutaneous areas

(areolar, adipose, reticular)

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15
Q

Areolar Loose Fibrous CT

A
  • gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types
  • wraps and cushions organs.
  • cells are fibroblasts and macrophages
  • found under epithelium of body
  • as lamina propria (serves as the foundation for epithelial cells)
  • surrounding capillaries and organs
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16
Q

Adipose Loose Fibrous CT

A
  • cells = adipose cells (able to store large amounts of fat)
  • very little intercellular space
  • has matrix like areolar but it is very sparse
  • fat pushes nuclei of cells to the side
  • provides reserve food fuel
  • supports and protects organs
  • insulation against heat loss
  • found under skin, in breasts, around kidneys and abdomen
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17
Q

Reticular Loose Fibrous CT

A
  • found within bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes
  • similar in appearance to areolar tissue
  • network of reticular fibers in a loose ground substance
  • fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) to support cells (i.e. capillaries)
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18
Q

Dense Fibrous CT

A
  • primarily collagen in various organized arrangements

regular, irregular, elastic

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19
Q

Regular Dense Fibrous CT

A
  • named because of its ordered arrangement of parallel collagen fibers
  • ideal at resisting tensile loads pulling in one direction
  • major cell type is the fibroblast
  • (i.e. tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses)
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20
Q

Irregular Dense Fibrous CT

A
  • collagen fibers have less ordered arrangement
  • not as strong as REGULAR, but they can withstand loads in numerous directions
  • (i.e. fibrous jt capsules, dermis of skin, and periosteum)
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21
Q

Elastic Dense Fibrous CT

A
  • primarily consisting of elastic fibers (from elastin protein)
  • (i.e. walls of arteries, trachea, and ligamentum nuchae [extension of supraspinous ligament])
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22
Q

Rank of Fiber Order Arrangement

A

Tendon > Ligament > Apon > Jt Capsule

(Most order Least order)

  • all about the same density
23
Q

Cartilage

A
  • cells = chrondocytes
  • gel matrix = proteoglycans

1 - hyaline cartilage
2 - fibrous cartilage
3 - elastic cartilage

24
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • strongest cartilage; best for compressional loading
  • covering ends of bones; seen in articulations
  • increased amount of gel substance
  • ~40% collagen; 60% gel matrix
  • (articular cartilage, embryonic precursor to bone, forms synchondroses)
25
Q

Proteoglycans

A
  • gel matrix in cartilage
  • composes glycosaminoglycans (organic component of bone)
  • affinity for water (good for cushion of loading)
26
Q

Fibrous Cartilage

A
  • increased amount of collagen fibers
  • compression and tensile loading
  • ~70% collagen; 10% elastin; 20% gel matix
  • (fibrocartilage pads [i.e. menisci] and symphyses)
27
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A
  • mostly elastin
  • not found in joints
  • (epiglottis and outer ears)
28
Q

Blood

A
  • cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
  • platelets = cell remnants
  • this “tissue” contains cells, and intercellular fluid matrix (plasma), and fibers (albumin)
  • not typical CT because it doesn’t connect or support other tissues
29
Q

Bone

A
  • cells = osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

- composed of organic and inorganic materials

30
Q

Organic Bone Components

A
  • 30-35% dry wt
  • cells
  • collagen fibers (25-30% dry wt)
  • glycosaminoglycans = gel substance (5% dry wt)
31
Q

Inorganic Bone Components

A
  • 65-70% dry wt
  • mineral salts
  • hydroxyapatite crystals
  • Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
32
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A

1 - Smooth
2 - Skeletal
3 - Cardiac

33
Q

Mesenchyme

A
  • common embryonic origin for all 4 types of CT
  • undifferentiated cells at this point
  • essentially like stem cells
  • progress into their specific type of cell b/c of chemicals in environment and the mechanical loading they undergo
34
Q

Organ

A
  • 2 or more tissues working cooperatively to perform a specific function
  • (i.e. heart (CV system)
    stomach (digestive system)
35
Q

Organ System

A
  • group of organs and tissues functioning cooperatively to perform specific functions.
36
Q

5 Competing Functions of Skeletal System

A 
1 - Structure/support
2 - Protection
3 - Movement
4 - Calcium storehouse
5 - Blood cell production

These functions can be in conflict with each other.

37
Q

Long Bones

A
  • found in UE and LE
38
Q

Flat Bones

A
  • ribs

- sternum

39
Q

Short Bones

A
  • carpals and tarsals
40
Q

Irregular Bones

A
  • pelvis
  • hyoid
  • scapula
41
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A
  • patella
42
Q

Periosteum

A
  • outside covering of bone
  • contains periosteal vessels (small, but abundant) for blood supply
  • Dense Irregular Fibrous CT
  • osteoblasts found just deep to periosteum.
43
Q

Endosteum

A
  • lining medullary cavity and within pores of trabecular bone
  • Dense Irregular Fibrous CT
44
Q

Compact vs. Spongy Bone Locations

A

LONG BONES:

 - compact found in diaphysis and covering surface of epiphysis
 - trabecular found in epiphysis

ALL OTHER BONES

 - trabeular found throughout bone
 - compact bone covering surface of entire bone
45
Q

Nutrient Arteries

A
  • one or two large arteries

- pass through nutrient foramen

46
Q

Epiphyseal Vessels

A
  • network of vessels interwoven throughout plates/rods of trabecular bone
47
Q

Osteoblast

A
  • deposition (growth, repair, and remodeling)
  • produce organic components of bone (collagen and gel)
  • found on surface of bones (deep to periosteum) and within trabecula
48
Q

Osteoclast

A
  • resorption (unloading, repair, remodeling)
  • multinucleated, much bigger than osteoblasts
  • chew up all substances of bone, and spit it back out
  • Therefore, they do not change the composition of bone, just the amount of bone.
49
Q

Osteocyte

A
  • mature osteoblast (occurs once osteoblast has produced a matrix and becomes mineralized)
  • both produce and resorb bone, but do neither as effectively as osteoblast or osteoclast.
  • There job is maintenance, focusing on microdamage.
50
Q

Ideal Matrix Composition

A

1 - Type 1 Collagen (25-30%)

2 - GAG [glycosaminoglycans/gel] (5%)

3 - Hydroxyapatite [mineral] (65-70%)

51
Q

Diet Factors Affecting Bone Composition

Protein And Vitamin C

A
  • need both protein and vitamin C to produce collagen.
  • not enough collagen will cause shift to more brittle bones
  • great increase in fractures (think pirates & scurvy)
52
Q

Diet Factors Affecting Bone Composition

Calcium and Vitamin D

A
  • lack of calcium and/or ability to absorb calcium (vitamin D)
  • results in decreased mineral content of bones (bones too compliant)
  • results in bone softening (rickets/osteomalacia)
53
Q

Bone Response to New Exercise Program

A
  • after initial increase in activity level, both osteoblasts and osteoclasts get busy
  • results in losing bone at first
  • over time with continued exercise osteoblasts catch up, resulting in gaining bone and it becomes stronger.

Anatomy (13 decks)

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