Tissue (Connective Tissue)

Question 1

What are connective tissues subdivided into

Answer 1

Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue

Question 2

What are the functions of connective tissue

Answer 2

-connecting and binding: anchor tissue layers in organs and link organs together

-support: bone and cartilage support weight of body

-protection: bone tissue protects internal organs; cartilage and fat provides shock absorption; components of immune system are throughout connective tissue

-Transport: blood is fluid connective tissue; main transport medium in body

Question 3

What does connective tissue proper contain

Answer 3

It contains adipose tissue.

Question 4

What is white adipose tissue

Answer 4

-predominant fat tissue
-looks white
-adipocytes with one big lipid inclusion in cytosol
-deep to skin
-visceral fat surrounds heart and abdominal organs
-in abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks, and thighs

Question 5

What is brown adipose tissue

Answer 5

-less common
-looks brown because of mitochondria in cytoplasm and blood supply
-has multiple lipid inclusions

Question 6

What are the specialized connective tissues

Answer 6

Blood, bone tissue (osseous tissue), cartilage

Question 7

Describe cartilage

Answer 7

Is in joints between blood, ear, nose and segments of respiratory tract

Question 8

Describe bone tissue (osseous tissue)

Answer 8

-supports body
-protects vital organs
-provides attachment for muscles that allows movement
-stores calcium
-houses bone marrow (produces blood and stores fat)

Question 9

Describe blood

Answer 9

-unique connective tissue with liquid ECM
-mostly water, ions, proteins, dissolved solutes

Question 10

What are the cell types of connective tissue proper

Answer 10

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, phagocytes, and other immune cells

Question 11

What are adipocytes

Answer 11

-fat cells
-dominated by a large inclusion containing lipids
-nuclei and other organelles of adipocytes are squashed to perimeter of cell

Question 12

What are mast cells

Answer 12

-largest resident cells in connective tissue
-cells of immune system that have cytosolic inclusions (granules) has inflammatory mediators
-releases granules when stimulated and inflammation results

Question 13

What are phagocytes

Answer 13

-cells of immune system that ingests foreign substances, microorganisms, dead and damaged cells by phagocytosis

-macrophages is a phagocyte that is resident or migrant cells in connective tissue

-neutrophilis is a phagocytes that is a migrant immune fells

Question 14

What are the 4 basic types of connective tissue proper

Answer 14

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, reticular tissue, and adipose tissue

Question 15

What is loose connective tissue (areolar connective tissue)

Answer 15

-has ground substance
-found deep to epithelium of skin, in membrane lining of body cavities, and as layers in walls of hollow organs
-supports and contains blood vessels and protects against invasion by microorganisms

Question 16

What is dense connective tissue (fibrous connective tissue)

Answer 16

Subdivided into dense irregular, regular, collagenous, and regular elastic

-contains fibers

Question 17

What does dense irregular tissue

Answer 17

-collagen fiber
-resists tension in all three planes
-found in organs subjected to tension (dermis, organs, joints)

Question 18

What does dense regular collagenous connective tissue do

Answer 18

-thick collagen fiber that forms bundles
-resists tension in only one plane
-found in tissue subjected in one direction (tendons, ligaments)

Question 19

What does dense regular elastic tissue do

Answer 19

-has elastic fibers
-allows certain organs to stretch
-found in lining of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments ( spine)

Question 20

What does reticular tissue do

Answer 20

-form networks that support blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
-found in lymph nodes and spleen
-web-like nets that trap old and foreign cells
-houses white blood cells
-supports epithelia, liver, and bone narrow

Question 21

What does adipose tissue do

Answer 21

-has adipocytes, fibroblasts, and ECM
-insulation, warmth, shock absorption, protection, major energy reserve in the body

Question 22

What does cartilage do

Answer 22

-long, flexible tissue
-absorbs shock and resists tension, compression and shearing forces
-ECM has collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans

Question 23

Is cartilage vascular or avascular

Answer 23

-avascular
-limited blood supply
-blood supply is limited in outer sheath (perichondrium) of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

Question 24

What are the cell types that are part of cartilage

Answer 24

Chondrocytes and chondroblasts

Question 25

What are chondroblasts

Answer 25

Immature cells that divide by mitosis and makes up most of ECM

Question 26

What are chondrocytes

Answer 26

Mature cells that inhabit small cavities in the ECM

Question 27

What are the three classes of cartilage

Answer 27

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

Question 28

What does hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) do

Answer 28

-glass-like appearance -has big amounts of ground substance -covers ends of bones -provides support to sternum, respiratory tract, and nose

Question 29

What does fibrocartilage do

Answer 29

-filled with collagen fibers -has fibroblasts -has tensile strength and elasticity -found in fibrous joints and in intervertebral discs

Question 30

What does elastic cartilage do

Answer 30

-limited to external ear and larynx -Has elastic fibers -Elastic fibers allows tissue to vibrate and help direction of sound by the larynx

Question 31

What does the bone do

Answer 31

-supports body, protects vital organs, place for attachment of muscles of voluntary movement, stores calcium, and houses bone marrow -has organic and inorganic tissue. Organic has collagen fibers and osteoid (35% of body). Inorganic has calcium phosphate crystals (65%)

Question 32

What are the three cell types of mature bone tissues

Answer 32

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Question 33

What does osteoblasts do

Answer 33

-bone builder (process ot bone deposition)

Question 34

What do osteocytes do

Answer 34

-mature bone cells -produce substances for bone maintenance, which is secreted by exocytosis

Question 35

What do osteoclasts do

Answer 35

-bone destroyers (process of bone resportion